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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Vinyl chloride (VC) is classified as a group 1 carcinogen to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and inhalation is considered to be an important route of occupational exposure. In addition, increasing numbers of studies have observed adverse health effects in people living in the vicinity of petrochemical complexes. The objective of this study was to investigate the adverse in vivo health effects on the lungs and liver caused by pulmonary exposure to low-level VC. BALB/c mice were repeatedly intranasally administrated 50 µL/mouse VC at 0, 1, and 200 ng/mL (5 days/week) for 1, 2, and 3 weeks. We observed that exposure to 1 and 200 ng/mL VC significantly increased the tidal volume (μL). Dynamic compliance (mL/cmH2O) significantly decreased after exposure to 200 ng/mL VC for 3 weeks. Total protein, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and interleukin (IL)-6 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) significantly increased after exposure to 200 ng/mL VC for 2 and/or 3 weeks. Significant decreases in 8-isoprostane and caspase-3 and an increase in IL-6 in the lungs were found after VC exposure for 2 and/or 3 weeks. We observed that aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALKP), albumin (ALB), and globulin (GLOB) had significantly increased after three weeks of VC exposure, whereas the ALB/GLOB ratio had significantly decreased after 3 weeks of exposure to VC. IL-6 in the liver increased after exposure to 1 ng/mL VC, but decreased after exposure to 200 ng/mL. IL-1β in the liver significantly decreased following exposure to 200 ng/mL VC, whereas tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and caspase-3 significantly increased. Hepatic inflammatory infiltration was confirmed by histological observations. In conclusion, sub-chronic and repeated exposure to low levels of VC can cause lung and liver toxicity in vivo. Attention should be paid to all situations where humans are frequently exposed to elevated VC levels such as workplaces or residents living in the vicinity of petrochemical complexes.

Details

Title
Hepatotoxicity Caused by Repeated and Subchronic Pulmonary Exposure to Low-Level Vinyl Chloride in Mice
Author
Li-Te, Chang 1 ; Yueh-Lun, Lee 2 ; Yuan, Tzu-Hsuen 3 ; Chang, Jer-Hwa 4 ; Ta-Yuan, Chang 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Chii-Hong, Lee 6 ; Kin-Fai Ho 7 ; Hsiao-Chi Chuang 8   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Feng Chia University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; [email protected] 
 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; [email protected] 
 Department of Health and Welfare, College of City Management, University of Taipei, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; [email protected] 
 School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; [email protected]; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 
 Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan; [email protected] 
 Department of Pathology, Taipei City Hospital, Heping Fuyou Branch, Taipei 100, Taiwan; [email protected] 
 Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; [email protected]; Shenzhen Municipal Key Laboratory for Health Risk Analysis, Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China 
 School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; [email protected]; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan; Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan 
First page
596
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20734433
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2532337032
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.