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© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Cancer is a serious health burden on global societies. The discovery and development of new anti-cancer therapies remains a challenging objective. Although it has been shown that lichen secondary metabolites may be potent sources for new anti-cancer agents, the Indonesian- grown folious lichens, Physcia millegrana, Parmelia dilatata and Parmeila aurulenta, have not yet been explored. In this study exhaustive preparative high-performance liquid chromatography was employed to isolate the lichen constituents with spectroscopic and spectrometric protocols identifying nine depsides 917, including the new methyl 4-formyl-2,3-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate 13. The cytotoxicity of the depsides towards cancer cells was assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results indicated lowest toxicity of the depsides towards human A549 lung cancer cells. Importantly, the di-depsides (11, 12 and 17) showed greatest toxicity, indicating that these structures are biologically more active than the mono-depsides against the HepG2 liver cancer, A549 lung cancer and HL-60 leukemia cell lines.

Details

Title
Anti-cancer Evaluation of Depsides Isolated from Indonesian Folious Lichens: Physcia millegrana, Parmelia dilatata and Parmelia aurulenta
Author
Ari Satia Nugraha 1 ; Laksono, Tinton Agung 1 ; Firli, Lilla Nur 1 ; Chintya Permata Zahky Sukrisno Putri 1 ; Pratoko, Dwi Koko 1 ; Zulfikar, Zulfikar 1 ; Untari, Ludmilla Fitri 2 ; Wongso, Hendris 3 ; Lambert, Jacob M 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Dillon, Carolyn T 4 ; Keller, Paul A 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Drug Utilisation and Discovery Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Jember, Jember 68121, Indonesia; [email protected] (T.A.L.); [email protected] (L.N.F.); [email protected] (C.P.Z.S.P.); [email protected] (D.K.P.); [email protected] (Z.Z.) 
 School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; [email protected] 
 School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (J.M.L.); [email protected] (C.T.D.); Labelled Compound and Radiometry Division, Center for Applied Nuclear Science and Technology, National Nuclear Energy Agency, Bandung 40132, Indonesia 
 School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, and Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (J.M.L.); [email protected] (C.T.D.) 
First page
1420
Publication year
2020
Publication date
2020
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
2218273X
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2547479111
Copyright
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.