Synthesis and Single Crystal Structures of N-Substituted Benzamides and Their Chemoselective Selenation/Reduction Derivatives

Abstract

A series of N-aryl-N-(2-oxo-2-arylethyl) benzamides and cinnamides has been prepared. The reaction of the benzamides with Woollins’ reagent, a highly efficient chemoselective selenation/reduction reagent, gave the corresponding N-aryl-N-(arylenethyl) benzoselenoamides in good yields. Five representative single crystal X-ray structures are discussed.

1. Introduction

2,4-Bis (phenyl)-1,3-diselenadiphosphetane-2,4-diselenide (Woollins’ reagent, WR) has played a role in synthetic chemistry in the past two decades [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. It has been successfully applied as an efficient building unit to synthesize a series of eight-, nine-, and ten-membered selenophosphorus heterocycles with P-Se-Se-P linkage [14], as well as unique octaselenocyclododecane with four carbon atoms and eight selenium atoms in this twelve-membered cycle [15]. Another attractive application has been that it acts as a highly chemoselective reagent, e.g., the reduction of a wide range of 1,4-enediones and 1,4-ynediones in methanol led to saturated 1,4-diketones [16] and the selective reduction of the double bond of 2-α,β-unsaturated thiazo- and selenazolidinones gave the corresponding saturated heterocycles [17]. Woollins’ reagent has also been used as a reducting agent to transfer porpholactone into dihydroporpholactone or into adjacent-tetrahydroporpholactone [18].

Organoselenium compounds have received growing attention during the last decades due to their importance as useful precursors in synthetic chemistry [19,20], as new synthetic materials [20], and their biological and medicinal significance [21]. To continue our interest in the chemistry of Woollins’ reagent towards various organic substrates, we report an investigation on the use of WR as a selenation/reduction reagent for transferring N-aryl-N-(2-oxo-2-arylethyl) benzamides into the corresponding N-aryl-N-(arylenethyl) benzoselenoamides.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Synthesis and Characterization

The synthesis of anilinoacetophenones 1–3, N-aryl-N-arylamidoacetophenones 4–6 and N-aryl-N-cinnamidoacetophenones 7–9 was carried out using a modified literature method [22]. The reaction of anilines and an equivalent of the appropriate bromoacetophenones in dry acetonitrile at room temperature gave anilinoacetophenones 1–3 in 81–87% yields, respectively. Anilinoacetophenones 1 and 2 are new compounds, while 3 is a known compound, prepared previously by a similar method [23,24]; however, its single-crystal X-ray structure has not been reported previously. Acylation of anilinoacetophenones 1–3 with the appropriate acid chlorides in 1,2-dichloroethane at reflux led to the N-aryl-N-arylamidoacetophenones 4–6 and N-aryl-N-cinnamidoacetophenones 7–9 in 76–91% yields, as shown in Scheme 1. All the new compounds were characterized by standard analytical and spectroscopic techniques. 1–9 show the anticipated [M]⁺ or [M + H]⁺ peak in their mass spectra, satisfactory accurate mass measurements, and appropriate isotopic distributions; the ¹H NMR spectra display all the characteristic peaks of the phenyl backbones in compounds and the characteristic peaks of the NH group in compound 1–3. The ¹³C NMR spectra of compounds 1–9 display the characteristic signals of the C=O groups.

Selenation of N-aryl-N-arylamidoacetophenones 4–6 by WR gave rise to N-aryl-N-arylethylbenzoselenoamides 10–12 in 50%, 46% and 40% yields, respectively, rather than the expected 1,3-selenazole products (Scheme 2). One C=O group has been converted to C=Se and the other reduced to CH₂ to give the final product N-Aryl-N-arylethylbenzoselenoamides 10–12. It is well known that WR is an efficient chemoselective reduction agent for diketones [16], α,β-unsaturated thioazo and selenoazolidinones [6]. Based on the literature research and our findings, a possible mechanism for the selective reduction of N-substituted-N-phenylamidoacetophenones 4–6 is broadly similar to that of NaSeH and LiSeH as selective reducing agents of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds [13] and of PhSe-SePh as a reducing agent for electron deficient olefins [25], and it is probable that the reduction proceed through a Micheal reaction [26,27,28].

Reacting N-aryl-N-cinnamidoacetophenones 7–9 with WR under similar reaction conditions did not lead to a reaction, with the starting materials being recovered (Scheme 3). We speculate that the extra C=C bond in N-substituted-N-phenylamidoacetophenones 7–9 which gives a conjugated structure, may be more stable and robust than N-substituted-N-phenylamidoacetophenones 4–6 towards WR.

The new selenium derivatives 10–12 are quite stable both as solids and in solution, in air and moist atmospheres, and are soluble in common organic solvents. They show the anticipated molecular ion peaks [M + H]⁺ in their CI spectra and [M]⁺ in their EI spectra, and satisfactory accurate mass measurements (EI). All the characteristic peaks of the phenyl backbones were found, and the characteristic peaks of the NH group disappeared in their ¹H NMR spectra. Their ¹³C NMR spectra all show the normal signals for the C=Se groups (δ_C, 204.8–206.8 ppm). Their ⁷⁷Se NMR spectra exhibit singlet signals at δ_Se = 598.4, 601.5 and 601.4 ppm for 10–12, respectively.

2.2. Single Crystal Structure Analysis

Single crystals of 3, 7, 10–12 suitable for X-ray crystallographic analysis were grown by slow evaporation of dichloromethane solutions of the compound in air at room temperature. Selected crystallographic data are given in Table 1 and the resulting molecular structures are illustrated in Figure 1 and Figure 2.

The molecular structure of anilinoacetophenone 3 (Figure 1) shows a planar arrangement, with a mean deviation of non-hydrogen atoms from the plane of 0.047 Å. Adjacent molecules of 3 interact to form hydrogen-bonded dimers via a pair of NH···O hydrogen bonds at a H···O distance of 2.59(4) Å, and N···O separation of 3.360(5) Å. The structure of the N-aryl-N-cinnamidoacetophenone 7 shows the compound in a twisted-T conformation (Figure 1). As expected, the acetophenone group retains its planarity (mean deviation of non-hydrogen atoms from the plane of 0.004 Å). Meanwhile, the other two phenyl ring planes are twisted out of the acetophenone plane, with angles between planes of 71.36 and 50.74° for C(10)-C(15) and C(21)-C(26), respectively.

The X-ray structures of 10, 11 and 12 are depicted in Figure 2, each displaying similar twisted-T conformations. The three aryl rings [C(5)-C(10) (ring 1), C(11)-C(16) (ring 2) and C(18)-C(23) (ring 3) in all three compounds] are all twisted with respect to each other, the angles between ring planes being 28.92, 69.02 and 62.00° in 10, 18.92, 62.23 and 64.51° in 11 and 55.76, 61.91 and 68.23° in 12 for rings 1 and 2, 1 and 3, and 2 and 3, respectively. This pattern of ring twists puts all the rings out of the plane of the selenoamide, except for ring 1 in compound 12, which is near parallel to the selenoamide, inclined at 9.24°. The C=Se double bond lengths [1.832(3) Å in 10, 1.833(2) Å in 11 and 1.8264(19) Å in 12] are very similar, falling at the middle of the range of C=Se bonds in known selenoamides [1.81(5) to 1.856(4) Å]. [29] The conformations of 10–12 are all very similar, that between 10 and 11, being almost identical. The difference between this conformation and that adopted by 12 is in the orientation of ring 1, which differs by ~67° between the two conformations.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General

Unless otherwise stated, all reactions were carried out under an oxygen-free nitrogen atmosphere using pre-dried solvents and standard Schlenk techniques, subsequent chromatographic and work up procedures were performed in air. ¹H (400.1 MHz), ¹³C (100.6 MHz) and ⁷⁷Se-{¹H} (51.5 MHz, referenced to external Me₂Se) NMR spectra were recorded at 25 °C (NMR Jeol GSX270). IR spectra were recorded as KBr pellets in the range of 4000–250 cm⁻¹ on a Perkin-Elmer 2000 FTIR/Raman spectrometer Mass spectrometry was performed by the EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre, Swansea.

Crystallography

X-ray diffraction data for compounds 3, 7 and 10–12 were collected at either 93 K or 173 K using a Rigaku FR-X Ultrahigh Brilliance Microfocus RA generator/confocal optics with XtaLAB P200 diffractometer [Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71075 Å)]. Intensity data were collected using ω steps accumulating area detector images spanning at least a hemisphere of reciprocal space. Data for all compounds were collected using CrystalClear 2.1 [30] and processed (including correction for Lorentz, polarization and absorption) using either CrystalClear [30] or CrysAlisPro 1.171.38.43. [31] Structures were solved by dual-space (SHELXT-2014/4 [32]) or Patterson (PATTY [33]) methods and refined by full-matrix least-squares against F² (SHELXL-2018/3 [34]). Non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, and hydrogen atoms were refined using a riding model, except for the amine hydrogen in 3 which was located from the difference Fourier map and refined isotropically subject to a distance restraint. All calculations were performed using the CrystalStructure 4.3 interface [35]. Selected crystallographic data are presented in Table 1. Deposition numbers 2071413–2071417 contains the supplementary crystallographic data for this paper. These data are provided free of charge by the joint Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre and Fachinformationszentrum Karlsruhe Access Structures service www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures.

3.2. Synthesis

3.2.1. General Procedure for Synthesis of Compounds 1–3

The appropriate aniline (20 mmol) and the phenacyl bromide (10 mmol) were combined in MeCN (40 mL) and allowed to stir at room temperature for 24 h. The amine salt was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOAc (40 mL) and washed sequentially with H₂O (50 mL), 5% citric acid (50 mL) and brine (25 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered through a pad of silica gel and the solvent was evaporated to give the product aminoacetophenones 1–3 in good yield.

1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-((4-ethylphenyl)amino)ethan-1-one (1). Brown solid (83% yield). M.p. 151–153 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1679(vs), 1617(s), 1583(s), 1522(vs), 1585(m), 1388(m), 1351(m), 1311(m), 1216(m), 1178(m), 1140(m), 1068(s), 992(vs), 812(vs), 576(m), 501(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.80 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.69 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 4.60 (s, 2H), 2.58 (d, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.22 (d, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 194.4, 145.0, 133.9, 133.7, 132.2, 129.3, 129.0, 128.7, 113.2, 50.7, 28.0, 16.0 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [ESI⁺, m/z]: found 318.0482 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₁₆H₁₆BrNOH: 318.0486.

1-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-((4-ethylphenyl)amino)ethan-1-one (2). Dark yellow solid (81% yield). M.p. 148–149 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1678(vs), 1618(m), 1598(s), 1522(s), 1489(m), 1440(m), 1395(m), 1352(s), 1312(m), 1218(s), 1090(s), 993(s), 815(vs), 577(m), 529(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.99 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.09 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 2.60 (q, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.23 (t, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 194.2, 145.0, 140.3, 133.9, 133.3, 129.3, 129.2, 129.1, 128.7, 113.2, 50.8, 28.0, 16.0 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [ESI⁺, m/z]: found 274.0992 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₁₆H₁₆ClNOH: 274.0994.

2-((4-Bromophenyl)amino)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethan-1-one (3). Greenish yellow solid (87% yield). M.p. 165–166 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1678(vs), 1595(s), 1510(s), 1491(s), 1400(m), 1357(s), 1256(m), 1218(m), 1094(s), 991(s), 814(s), 797(m), 574(m), 499(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.98 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 6.60 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.56 (s, 2H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 194.2, 145.0, 140.3, 133.9, 133.3, 129.3, 129.2, 129.2, 128.7, 113.2, 50.8, 28.0, 16.0 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [ESI⁺, m/z]: found 323.9789 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₁₄H₁₁BrClNOH: 323.9791.

3.2.2. General Procedure for Synthesis of Compounds 4–9

The appropriate aminoacetophenone (5.0 mmol) was dissolved in dichloroethane (25 mL) and refluxed for 2 h with the appropriate acid chloride (5.0 equiv). Volatiles were evaporated in vacuo, and the residue was recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give the expected products 4–9.

N-(2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-N-(4-ethylphenyl)-4-methoxybenzamide (4). Yellow solid (91% yield). M.p. 127–129 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1678(vs), 1617(m), 1590(m), 1521(s), 1352(m), 1306(m), 1262(m), 1219(m), 1091(m), 994(s), 844(m), 815(s), 772(m), 696(m), 613(m), 546(m), 503(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 8.09 (d, J(H,H) = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.90 (d, J(H,H) = 8.7 Hz, 2H), 7.68 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J(H,H) = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J(H,H) = 8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.59 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.59 (q, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.22 (t, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 194.5, 171.3, 164.2, 145.0, 133.9, 133.7, 132.4, 133.2, 132.0, 129.3, 129.0, 128.7, 121.7, 113.8, 113.3, 55.5, 50.8, 28.0, 16.0 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 452.0859 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₄H₂₂BrNO₃H: 452.0861.

N-(2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-N-(4-ethylphenyl)-4-methoxybenzamide (5). Bright yellow solid (81% yield). M.p. 126–128 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1678(vs), 1617(s), 1590(s), 1512(vs), 1396(m), 1352(m), 1307(m), 1262(m), 1218(m), 1179(m), 1090(s), 994(s), 815(s), 772(m), 613(m), 578(m), 546(m), 503(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 8.10 (d, J(H,H) = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.99 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.09 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J(H,H) = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.68 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 2.59 (q, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.23 (t, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 194.2, 171.5, 164.0, 145.0, 140.3, 133.9, 133.3, 132.4, 129.3, 129.2, 129.0, 128.8, 121.7, 113.7, 113.2, 55.5, 50.8, 28.0, 16.0 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 408.1366 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₄H₂₂ClNO₃H: 408.1367.

N-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-4-methoxybenzamide (6). Gray solid (83% yield). M.p. 150–152 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1680(s), 1601(s), 1574(m), 1513(m), 1487(m), 1427(s), 1301(s), 1260(s), 1166(s), 1025(m), 926(m), 844(s), 816(m), 772(s), 696(m), 613(s), 547(s), 503(m), 484(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 8.09 (d, J(H,H) = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 7.98 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.52 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J(H,H) = 8.9 Hz, 2H), 6.97 (d, J(H,H) = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 6.61 (d, J(H,H) = 8.8 Hz, 2H), 4.57 (s, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 193.5, 171.3, 164.0, 145.8, 140.6, 133.0, 132.4, 132.1, 129.3, 129.2, 121.6, 114.7, 113.8, 110.8, 109.7, 55.5, 50.2 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 458.0157 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₂H₁₇BrClNO₃H: 458.0159.

N-(2-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-N-(4-ethylphenyl)cinnamamide (7). Yellow solid (79% yield). M.p. 126–127 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1697(s), 1656(vs), 1620(s), 1584(s), 1510(s), 1401(m), 1376(s), 1327(m), 1209(s), 1069(s), 1005(s), 982(s), 840(m), 812(s), 703(s), 698(s), 569(m), 549(s). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.87 (d, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.73 (d, J(H,H) = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 7.63 (d, J(H,H) = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.38–7.26 (m, 8H), 6.49 (d, J(H,H) = 15.6 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (s, 2H), 2.72 (q, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.29 (t, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 192.9, 166.4, 144.3, 142.7, 140.0, 135.1, 134.1, 132.1, 129.9, 129.6, 129.5, 129.1, 128.7, 128.1, 128.0, 118.0, 56.5, 28.5, 15.4 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 448.0916 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₅H₂₂BrNO₂H: 448.0912.

N-(2-(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)-N-(4-ethylphenyl)cinnamamide (8). Dark yellow solid (80% yield). M.p. 155–157 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1697(s), 1653(s), 1617(s), 1587(s), 1510(s), 1402(m), 1380(s), 1329(m), 1214(s), 1089(s), 1000(m), 981(s), 819(s), 766(m), 703(m), 548(m), 525(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.92 (d, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 7.70 (d, J(H,H) = 15.1 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (d, J(H,H) = 7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.28–7.21 (m, 8H), 6.45 (d, J(H,H) = 16.1 Hz, 1H), 5.16 (s, 2H), 2.68 (q, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.25 (t, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 192.8, 166.5, 144.4, 142.8, 140.1, 140.0, 135.2, 133.7, 129.7, 129.5, 129.1, 129.0, 128.8, 128.1, 128.0, 118.0, 56.6, 28.6, 15.5 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 404.1408 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₅H₂₂ClNO₂H: 404.1412.

N-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-oxoethyl)cinnamamide (9). Off-white solid (76% yield). M.p. 174–176 °C. Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1696(s), 1657(s), 1617(s), 1587(m), 1486(vs), 1408(m), 1373(s), 1207(s), 1092(m), 1070(m), 1013(s), 816(s), 763(m), 696(m), 484(s). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.95 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.74 (d, J(H,H) = 15.5 Hz, 1H), 7.58 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.48 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.39–7.32 (m, 6H), 6.46 (d, J(H,H) = 15.5 Hz, 2H), 5.18 (s, 2H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 192.4, 166.1, 143.5, 141.5, 140.2, 134.8, 133.4, 132.9, 130.0, 129.9, 129.5, 129.2, 128.8, 128.1, 122.0, 117.3, 56.3 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 456.0184 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₃H₁₇BrClNO₂H: 456.0189.

3.2.3. General Procedure for Synthesis of Compounds 10–12

A mixture of the appropriate benzamide or cinnamide with an equivalent of WR in dry toluene was refluxed for 6 h. Following cooling to room temperature and filtration to remove unreacted solid, the filtrate was evaporated in vacuo, the residue was dissolved in 2 mL of dichloromethane and purified by silica gel column chromatography (1:1 hexane/dichloromethane as eluant) to give the products 10–12. Cinnamides 7–9 did not show any reaction with WR, returning the starting materials.

N-(4-Bromophenethyl)-N-(4-ethylphenyl)-4-methoxybenzoselenoamide (10). Greyish yellow paste (0.25g, 50%). Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1601(s), 1508(s), 1488(m), 1448(s), 1399(s), 1300(m), 1250(vs), 1170(s), 1073(m), 1029(m), 830(m), 806(m). ¹H NMR (CD₂Cl₂, δ), 8.03 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 1H), 7.45 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 7.26–7.23 (m, 4H), 7.10–7.02 (m, 3H), 6.94 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.10 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.72 (t, J(H,H) = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 3.74(s, 3H), 3.24 (t, J(H,H) = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 2.60 (q, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.21 (t, J(H,H) = 7.6 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CD₂Cl₂, δ), 206.6, 159.5, 143.7, 140.0, 137.6, 131.5, 130.7, 129.0, 128.6, 126.2, 120.2, 114.4, 112.4, 62.4, 55.2, 31.4, 28.3, 15.0 ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 598.4 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 502.0283 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₄H₂₄BrNOSeH: 502.0285.

N-(4-Chlorophenethyl)-N-(4-ethylphenyl)-4-methoxybenzoselenoamide (11). Reddish yellow paste (0.21 g, 46%). Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1602(s), 1508(s), 1488(m), 1448(s), 1398(s), 1300(m), 1251(vs), 1170(s), 1030(m), 832(m), 809(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.25–7.23 (m, 4H), 7.19 (d, J(H,H) = 8.6 Hz, 2H), 7.02 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.85 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 6.55 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 4.67 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.69 (s, 3H), 3.21 (d, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 2H), 2.54 (q, J(H,H) = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 1.18 (t, J(H,H) = 8.0 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 206.8, 159.7, 143.7, 139.8, 136.8, 132.5, 130.4, 129.2, 128.8, 128.7, 126.2, 112.7, 62.8, 55.3, 31.5, 28.4, 15.2 ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 601.5 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 458.0789 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₄H₂₄ClNOSeH: 458.0790.

N-(4-Bromophenyl)-N-(4-chlorophenethyl)-4-methoxybenzoselenoamide (12). Pale orange paste (0.20 g, 40%). Selected IR (KBr, cm⁻¹), 1601(s), 1489(m), 1485(s), 1446(m), 1392(m), 1302(m), 1251(vs), 1170(vs), 1068(m), 1011(m), 832(m), 801(m). ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 7.33 (d, J(H,H) = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.27–7.16 (m, 6H), 6.82 (d, J(H,H) = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 6.58 (d, J(H,H) = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.63 (q, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 2H), 3.72 (s, 3H), 3.16 (d, J(H,H) = 8.4 Hz, 3H) ppm. ¹³C NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 204.8, 160.0, 145.0, 139.6, 136.5, 132.7, 130.3, 129.6, 129.2, 128.8, 128.0, 121.1, 113.0, 62.3, 55.4, 29.8 ppm. ⁷⁷Se NMR (CDCl₃, δ), 601.4 ppm. Accurate mass measurement [CI⁺, m/z]: found 507.9580 [M + H]⁺, calculated mass for C₂₂H₁₉BrClNOSeH: 507.9582.

4. Conclusions

In summary, we have disclosed Woollins’ reagent used as a highly efficient chemoselective selenation/reduction reagent for benzamide leading to N-aryl-N-(arylenethyl)benzoselenoamides. The reported results enhance the application of Woollins′ reagent further, providing an efficient route to the preparation of the unusual substituted selenoamides.

Author Contributions

G.H. and J.D.W. conceived and designed the project; G.H. performed the experiments; D.B.C., C.L.C.-W. and A.M.Z.S. did the crystallography; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research received no external funding.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the University of St Andrews for financial support and the EPSRC National Mass Spectrometry Service Centre (Swansea) for mass spectral measurements.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of all compounds are not available from the authors.

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Figures, Schemes and Table

Scheme 1. Synthesis of anilinoacetophenones 1–3, N-aryl-N-arylamidoacetophenones 4–6 and N-aryl-N-cinnamidoacetophenones 7–9.

Scheme 2. Selenation of N-aryl-N-phenylamidoacetophenones 4–6.

Scheme 3. Attempted selenation of N-aryl-N-cinnamidoacetophenones 7–9.

Figure 1. Single crystal X-ray structures of anilinoacetophenone 3 and N-aryl-N-cinnamidoacetophenone 7.

Figure 2. Single crystal X-ray structures of selenoamides 10, 11 and 12.

Table 1

Details of the X-ray data collections and refinements for compounds 3, 7, 10–12.

Compound	3	7	10	11	12
Formula	C14H11BrClNO	C25H22ClNO2	C24H24BrNOSe	C24H24ClNOSe	C22H19BrClNOSe
M	324.60	403.91	501.32	456.87	507.72
Temperature/K	93	93	173	173	173
Crystal system	triclinic	monoclinic	triclinic	triclinic	triclinic
Space group	P $\overline{1}$	P21/c	P $\overline{1}$	P $\overline{1}$	P $\overline{1}$
a/Å	5.718 (3)	6.00023 (18)	9.2004 (17)	9.1375 (12)	9.98830 (10)
b/Å	7.296 (4)	22.8404 (6)	10.541 (3)	10.6864 (14)	10.0160 (2)
c/Å	15.461 (8)	14.7270 (4)	11.146 (3)	11.1485 (15)	12.3778 (18)
α	95.472 (13)		101.842 (4)	103.062 (4)	99.855 (14)
β	90.3200 (10)	93.111 (3)	94.351 (6)	95.439 (3)	110.822 (8)
γ	906.126 (12)		90.478 (6)	91.412 (4)	108.988 (12)
U/A3	638.3 (6)	2015.33 (10)	1054.6 (5)	1054.5 (2)	1035.2 (2)
Z	2	4	2	2	2
µ/mm−1	3.424	0.211	3.695	1.922	3.890
Reflections collected	8491	34,715	14,106	21,665	21,452
Independent reflections	2296	4515	3785	3832	3776
R int	0.0769	0.0669	0.0448	0.0283	0.0314
R1 [I > 2σ (I)]	0.0529	0.0341	0.0240	0.0304	0.0207
wR 2	0.1479	0.0883	0.0768	0.0973	0.0569