Foundation Pit Collapse on 8 June 2019 in Nanning, China: A Brief Report

Abstract

This short communication reports on the recent incident of a foundation pit collapse at a construction site on 8 June 2019 in Nanning City of Guangxi Province, China. There were no injuries or casualties reported for this incident. This report presents the incident background, management measures taken after the incident, and a brief discussion of the causes of the incident. Some mitigation measures are suggested to prevent similar incidents in the future based on the preliminary analysis.

1. Introduction

The economic boom in China has triggered rapid urbanization over the past 20 years, leading to a continuous increase in demand for residential, commercial, and office areas, and urban infrastructure such as highways, bridges, and metro systems [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. To meet the market demand, developers and contractors prioritize short completion times for these projects. In addition, economic considerations also play an important part in construction projects. These factors easily create room for errors to occur, which may compromise safety onsite. The Ministry of Emergency Management (MEM) announced that there were 1732 accidents and 1752 deaths in the construction industry for the first half of 2018, which the MEM blamed on the chaotic subcontracting system and the failure of contractors to abide by safety laws and regulations [11]. According to Ismail et al. [12], there are several risk factors which affect the general safety onsite, including the organizational structure, communication, clear instructions, safety culture, codes and standards, training, leadership, and responsibility. Previous research has shown that many construction incidents are due to lack of strategic management and effective control of risk [13,14,15,16]. In recent years, there have been many reported cases of foundation collapse in China. Table 1 shows some recent cases of foundation collapse in China, and the reasons behind the collapse [17,18,19,20]. Most of these incidents could have been prevented, but similar cases continue to happen.

This short communication presents a recent incident of a foundation pit collapse at a construction site on 8 June 2019 in Nanning City of Guangxi Province, China. There were no injuries or casualties reported from this incident. The incident background, management measures taken after the incident, and a brief discussion of the causes which resulted in the incident are presented. Some mitigation measures are suggested to prevent similar incidents in the future based on the preliminary analysis.

2. Background

On 8 June 2019, a foundation pit collapsed at a construction site in Nanning, a city in Guangxi Province of China. The incident happened around 5:30 p.m. local time at the construction site of a new office building under the Phase 2 development of Nanning Greenland Central Square, located adjacent to Dongge Road (location shown in Figure 1). The failure of the foundation caused the collapse of a section of Dongge Road. The collapsed area was about 60 m long, and 15 m wide, with a volume of approximately 4500 cubic meters. There were no reported injuries or casualties from this accident.

3. Collapse Incident—Before and After

3.1. Before the Incident

One day before the incident (7 June 2019), construction workers reported cracks on the road pavement around the foundation pit. The cracks, which were 40 cm in width and covered a distance of 20 m, were formed due to subsidence of the ground layer (Figure 2). After receiving the report, construction work on the entire site was ceased while relevant experts carried out site investigation and monitored the cracks for any further deformation. The construction work continued after the experts considered that the situation was still safe.

However, at 11:30 am (8 June 2019), the monitoring data showed a tangible change. The relevant authorities, including the Construction Management Centre of Housing Construction Bureau, Nanning City, were notified about the potential for incident. The authorities performed mitigation measures to ensure personnel safety. They closed off a part of Dongge Road near the site to prevent public access, and the site and people within its vicinity were evacuated. Control measures were also taken onsite to minimize the effect of the collapse. About an hour prior to the incident, the cracked road surface began to sink, forming a large pit, and cracks formed in the foundation walls (Figure 3). At around 5: 30 pm local time, the retaining wall collapsed (Figure 4 and Figure 5).

3.2. Incident Aftermath

To avoid any post-disaster incidents, the Construction Management Centre of Housing Construction Bureau, Nanning City, commissioned third-party monitoring agencies to monitor the roads and buildings around the collapsed road. Backfilling was executed immediately to prevent any further collapse or erosion of the soil. As this incident happened during the rainy season, rainwater had to be diverted from the road surface and prevented from infiltrating the site. With the help of the local waterworks department, the water flow from the municipal rainwater pipes was intercepted. Additionally, additional anchor supports for the retaining walls were designed and are to be implemented onsite as soon as possible.

An onsite investigation was conducted by the Construction Management Centre of Housing Construction Bureau, Nanning City. Relevant authorities confirmed that the main reason for this collapse was the deformation of the retaining wall, which led to a loss of soil. Municipal water pipes of 500 mm diameter that were sitting on the soil was found to suffer from long-term leakage, which caused the soil around them to soften and settle around the foundation pit. The cumulative loss of soil underneath the water pipes led to a burst of the unsupported water pipes. As a result of the bursting water pipes, the anchor cable structure failed and the foundation pit support further deformed, eventually leading to the collapse of the pit.

4. Discussion

Although the collapse has been mainly attributed to the deformation in the retaining wall due to movement of soil, there are some other important factors that could have affected the occurrence of this incident. For example, one key point was the insufficient length of the anchor supporting the retaining wall. Officials released a copy of a technical drawing showing a cross-section of the retaining wall. A reproduced version of the drawing is shown in Figure 6. As shown in Figure 6, the retaining wall was supported by a combination system of pile foundations and horizontal ground anchors. The 150 mm diameter anchors had a lateral spacing of 5 m and a lock-off load of zero. Further design details of the anchors are shown in Figure 6. The potential failure surfaces due to active failure and shear failure are also shown in the figure, where the curved lines correspond to the upper and lower bounds of failure by shearing and the straight line corresponds to failure by pullout. The upper and lower bounds were established based on the slip surfaces with the highest factor of safety (F.O.S) and lowest F.O.S respectively, where the F.O.S is influenced by factors like active earth pressure and soil properties [21]. As shown in Figure 6, the anchor head of the top layer was near the failure surface due to pullout, which indicates that the anchor length was insufficient [21,22,23]. Thus, the deformation at the top of retaining wall was large. The leakage from the pipe caused an increase in pore water pressure acting on the back of the wall, which reduced the safety factor of the retaining wall. After being pulled out, the anchor collapsed with the soil mass due to the forces induced by the movement of the soil mass. Jet mixing the anchor piles is another option that would have helped to control the deformation and ensure the stability of the retaining wall [24,25,26]. The distance between each pile could have been reduced to allow for more stability. Moreover, the interior bracing system should have been designed to prevent large deformation during excavation [14,27].

There was no information on the location of the water pipe, and it has been speculated that the design team had no knowledge of the existence of the pipes, as it was not indicated in the technical drawings, and no design allowances were considered. However, since the site was located adjacent to a public road, the design team should have investigated the possibility of public services and utility pipes underneath the road, and provided necessary allowances in their design.

The soil profile of the slope behind the retaining wall was made up of 5 m of earth fill, followed by 6.2 m of strongly weathered mudstone, 8.5 m of strongly weathered argillaceous siltstone, and moderately weathered mudstone, as shown in Figure 6. The layers of clayey soil had high water retention properties, which swelled when exposed to the leaking pipe water. This phenomenon resulted in the deformation of the retaining wall and could also provide a possible explanation as to why the leaking water pipes went unnoticed. Thus, a dewatering system should have been installed to pump out the groundwater and the leaked water from the pipe system, as dewatering is a useful technique for prevention of large deformation and failure [9,24,26,28,29,30]. Therefore, from a technical aspect, a supporting system (retaining pile, anchor, bracing support), dewatering system, and soil properties should be considered in an optimized way [15,31,32].

Another key point is the inefficiency in supervision and decision-making. Strict guidelines should be implemented for relevant personnel involved in monitoring works. In this case, the cracks that appeared on the road surface generally took time to form; however, construction workers only reported the cracks on the road surface a day before the incident. Abnormal changes observed onsite is a warning sign worth inspecting. If such discrepancies occur, they should be reported immediately to the site managers, who should then attempt to resolve the matter. Monitoring and supervision during the construction phase is an essential part of avoiding inconsistencies between the design and the actual construction work carried out onsite. Instead of depending solely on human communication, the monitoring system could be improved by utilizing robotics such as sensors able to automatically send out real-time information.

5. Conclusions

This report presents the collapse of a foundation pit retaining wall in Nanning City on 8 June 2019. The collapse happened because of anchor-pile retaining system failure, which led to the deformation of the retaining wall. Additionally, the bursting of water pipes in the retained soil led to a decrease of the strength and stiffness of the soil and to further deformation of the wall. Some suggestions have been proposed to prevent similar accidents in the future. Risk assessment should be conducted initially. Monitoring and supervision of works should be prioritized to ensure that every incident or anomaly is reported so that the appropriate action can be taken by the person in charge. An effective monitoring system involving the use of robotics or by engaging third-party health and safety inspectors could increase monitoring efficiency. Regular onsite checks by relevant authorities should be carried out regularly to enhance the performance of appropriate health and safety measures. When designing for a project, the engineer should consider the surrounding environment. Routine checks should also be carried out to make sure that construction works match the approved design, and heavier penalties should be given out to those who do not comply with the building codes.

Author Contributions

This manuscript represents a result of collaborative teamwork. Conceptualization, S.-L.S. and A.-N.Z.; Methodology, Y.-T.C.; Supervision, S.-L.S. and A.-N.Z. Revision, J.C. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

The research work described herein was funded by the Research Funding of Shantou University for New Faculty (Grant No. NTF19024-2019), the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program: 2015CB057806) and the Innovative Research Funding of the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (Grant No. 18DZ1201102).

Acknowledgments

The research work described herein was funded by the National Basic Research Program of China. This financial support is gratefully acknowledged.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures and Table

Table 1

Incidents of recent foundation pit collapse.

Incident Date	Incident Location	Type of Incident	Reasons for Incidents	Casualties
15 November 2008	Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province	Metro Foundation Collapse	Insufficient foundation wall design	21 deaths 24 injuries
			Heavy rain affecting the soil conditions
			Inefficient monitoring onsite
19 March 2009	Xining City, Qinghai Province	Foundation Collapse	Constructed foundation was found to be different from design plans	20 trapped 8 deaths
			Incompetent monitoring from relevant authorities
10 November 2014	Foshan City, Guangdong Province	Foundation Pit Collapse	Inadequate foundation wall design	3 deaths
			Inefficient safety management on site
			Workers lack health and safety knowledge
7 February 2018	Foshan City, Guangdong Province	Ground Collapse	Shield tunnel failed due to leakage in shield tail seal system	11 deaths 1 missing 8 injuries
			Poor safety management onsite
10 April 2019	Yangzhou City, Jiangsu Province	Foundation Pit Collapse	Unawareness of geological conditions of the site	5 deaths 1 injury
			Excavation of foundation pit on unauthorized site
8 June 2019	Nanning City, Guangxi Province	Foundation Pit Collapse	Inadequate retaining wall design	No casualties reported
			Bursting waterpipe causes deformation of retaining wall
			Inefficient monitoring system