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Abstract
This study investigated attentional bias toward game-related cues in Internet gaming disorder (IGD) using electrophysiological markers of late positive potential (LPP) and identifying the sources of LPP. In addition, the association between LPP and decision-making ability was investigated. The IGD (n = 40) and healthy control (HC; n = 39) participants viewed a series of game-related and neutral pictures, while their event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded. LPPs were calculated as the mean amplitudes between 400 and 700 ms at the centro-parietal (CP3, CP1, Cpz, CP2, and CP4) and parietal (P3, P1, Pz, P2, and P4) electrode sites. The source activations of LPP were estimated using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (sLORETA). In addition, decision-making ability was evaluated by the Cambridge Gambling Task. Higher LPP amplitudes were found for game-related cues in the IGD group than in the HC group. sLORETA showed that the IGD group was more active in the superior and middle temporal gyri, which are involved in social perception, than in the HC group, whereas it was less active in the frontal area. Individuals with IGD have deficits in decision-making ability. In addition, in the HC group, the lower the LPP when looking at the game-related stimuli, the better the quality of decision-making, but not in the IGD group. Enhanced LPP amplitudes are associated with emotional arousal to gaming cues and decision-making deficits in IGD. In addition, source activities suggest that patients with IGD perceive game-related cues as social stimuli. LPP can be used as a neurophysiological marker of IGD.
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1 SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.412479.d)
2 Korea Brain Research Institute, Emotion, Cognition and Behavior Research Group, Daegu, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.452628.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 5905 0571); Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.417736.0) (ISNI:0000 0004 0438 6721)
3 Seoul National University, Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.31501.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5905); Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.31501.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5905)
4 SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, Seoul, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.412479.d); Seoul National University College of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Seoul, Republic of Korea (GRID:grid.31501.36) (ISNI:0000 0004 0470 5905)