Full text

Turn on search term navigation

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora) belongs to the Genus Pinus, and its bark contains a great amount of naturally occurring phenolic compounds. Until now, few studies have been conducted to assess the neuroprotective effects of Pinus densiflora bark extract against brain ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of pre-treatment with the extract in the hippocampus following 5-min transient forebrain ischemia in gerbils. Furthermore, this study examined the anti-inflammatory effect as a neuroprotective mechanism of the extract. Pinus densiflora bark was extracted by pure water (100 °C), and this extract was quantitatively analyzed and contained abundant polyphenols, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins. The extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) was orally administered once a day for seven days before the ischemia. In the gerbil hippocampus, death of the pyramidal neurons was found in the subfield cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) five days after the ischemia. This death was significantly attenuated by pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg, not 25 or 50 mg/kg, of the extract. The treatment with 100 mg/kg of the extract markedly inhibited the activation of microglia (microgliosis) and significantly decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α). In addition, the treatment significantly increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 4 and interleukin 13). Taken together, this study clearly indicates that pre-treatment with 100 mg/kg of Pinus densiflora bark extract in gerbils can exert neuroprotection against brain ischemic injury by the attenuation of neuroinflammatory responses.

Details

Title
Neuroprotective and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pinus densiflora Bark Extract in Gerbil Hippocampus Following Transient Forebrain Ischemia
Author
Joon Ha Park 1 ; Jong Dai Kim 2 ; Lee, Tae-Kyeong 3 ; Han, Xionggao 2 ; Sim, Hyejin 4 ; Kim, Bora 4 ; Lee, Jae-Chul 4 ; Ahn, Ji Hyeon 5 ; Choong-Hyun, Lee 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kim, Dae Won 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Moo-Ho, Won 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Soo Young Choi 3 

 Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Korea; [email protected] 
 Division of Food Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; [email protected] (J.D.K.); [email protected] (X.H.) 
 Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; [email protected] 
 Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (B.K.); [email protected] (J.-C.L.); [email protected] (J.H.A.) 
 Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea; [email protected] (H.S.); [email protected] (B.K.); [email protected] (J.-C.L.); [email protected] (J.H.A.); Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Youngsan University, Yangsan 50510, Korea 
 Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea; [email protected] 
 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangnung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea; [email protected] 
First page
4592
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
14203049
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2558872952
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.