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Abstract
Borexino is a 300 ton sub-MeV liquid scintillator solar neutrino detector which has been running at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (Italy) since 2007. Thanks to its unprecedented radio-purity, it was able to measure the flux of 7Be, 8B, pp, and pep solar neutrinos and to detect geo-neutrinos. A reliable simulation of the detector is an invaluable tool for all Borexino physics analyses. The simulation accounts for the energy loss of particles in all the detector components, the generation of the scintillation photons, their propagation within the liquid scintillator volume, and a detailed simulation of the electronics chain. A novel efficient method for simulating the external background which survives the Borexino passive shield was developed. This technique allows to reliably predict the effect of the contamination in the peripheral construction materials. The techniques developed to simulate the Borexino detector and their level of refinement are of possible interest to the neutrino and dark matter communities, especially for current and future large-volume liquid scintillator experiments.
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1 Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy; Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi e INFN, 16146 Genova, Italy; Now at: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510, USA
2 Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy
3 Physik-Department and Excellence Cluster Universe, Technische Universitat München, 85748 Garching, Germany
4 National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
5 IKP-2 Forschungzentrum Julich, 52428 Julich, Germany
6 Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi e INFN, 20133 Milano, Italy
7 Chemical Engineering Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
8 Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
9 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy
10 Physics Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi e INFN, 20133 Milano, Italy
11 Physics Department, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
12 Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli Studi e INFN, 16146 Genova, Italy
13 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy; Physics Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
14 Lomonosov Moscow State University Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, 119234 Moscow, Russia
15 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
16 St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute NRC Kurchatov Institute, 188350 Gatchina, Russia
17 Gran Sasso Science Institute, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy; St. Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute NRC Kurchatov Institute, 188350 Gatchina, Russia
18 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia
19 Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980 Dubna, Russia; Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi e INFN, 20133 Milano, Italy; Lomonosov Moscow State University Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, 119234 Moscow, Russia
20 AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
21 Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
22 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy; Also at: Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc, Paseo de los Ayerbe S/N, 22880 Canfranc Estacion Huesca, Spain
23 M. Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, 30059 Krakow, Poland
24 Kiev Institute for Nuclear Research, 03680 Kiev, Ukraine
25 National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia; National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), 115409 Moscow, Russia
26 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy; Present address: Physics Department, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
27 IKP-2 Forschungzentrum Julich, 52428 Julich, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
28 Institute of Physics and Excellence Cluster PRISMA, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
29 Department of Physics, Technische Universitat Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
30 Dipartimento di Chimica, Biología e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi e INFN, 06123 Perugia, Italy
31 Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
32 INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, 67010 Assergi (AQ), Italy; AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS/IN2P3, CEA/IRFU, Observatoire de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
33 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; National Research Centre Kurchatov Institute, 123182 Moscow, Russia
34 Physics Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
35 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095, USA