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Abstract
2015 saw the strongest El Niño event in the historical record, resulting in extreme drought conditions in Brazil. As drought conditions may also lead to greater fire danger, this study uses the 2015 fire in Brazil as a case study to examine whether and to what extent human-induced climate change has contributed to the fire weather conditions in the Cerrado and the southern Amazonia transitional forests known as the Arc of deforestation. Our results show that anthropogenic climate change is indeed a driver of meteorological conditions conducive to strong fire weather in these two regions, measured by fire weather index (FWI), especially on shorter timescales of daily and weekly. The anthropogenic climate change signal of FWI on short timescales corresponds to a similar order of increase in the FWI sub-indices (initial spread index and fine fuel moisture code) that can rapidly change due to the influence of the instantaneous weather conditions. For both regions the changes in fire weather in response to anthropogenic climate change are dominated by the combination of temperature and relative humidity responses. High FWI is more likely to occur under El Niño conditions, less likely under La Niña conditions, although the impacts of El Niño vs La Niña conditions are not symmetric when compared with El Niño Southern Oscillation neutral states. To summarize, both human-induced climate change and the presence of El Niño increased the likelihood of occurrence for the strong fire weather condition in 2015. Our results suggest that local and regional adaptation measures, such as improved drought monitoring and warning systems, could help with effective planning of fire prevention, firefighting actions, and disaster preparedness.
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1 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; Oxford e-Research Centre, Engineering Science, Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3QG, United Kingdom
2 Oxford e-Research Centre, Engineering Science, Keble Rd, Oxford OX1 3QG, United Kingdom
3 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom
4 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QY, United Kingdom; ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
5 Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI), De Bilt, The Netherlands
6 Centre for Monitoring and Early Warnings of Natural Disasters (Cemaden), Brazil, Estrada Doutor Altino Bondensan. Eugênio de Mello, 12247016 São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil