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Abstract
Serological assays intended for diagnosis, sero-epidemiologic assessment, and measurement of protective antibody titers upon infection or vaccination are essential for managing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Serological assays measuring the antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 antigens are readily available. However, some lack appropriate characteristics to accurately measure SARS-CoV-2 antibodies titers and neutralization. We developed an Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) methods for measuring IgG, IgA, and IgM responses to SARS-CoV-2, Spike (S), receptor binding domain (RBD), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. Performance characteristics of sensitivity and specificity have been defined. ELISA results show positive correlation with microneutralization and Plaque Reduction Neutralization assays with infectious SARS-CoV-2. Our ELISA was used to screen healthcare workers in Louisville, KY during the first wave of the local pandemic in the months of May and July 2020. We found a seropositive rate of approximately 1.4% and 2.3%, respectively. Our analyses demonstrate a broad immune response among individuals and suggest some non-RBD specific S IgG and IgA antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2.
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1 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
2 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
3 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
4 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
5 Christine Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
6 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
7 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
8 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
9 Norton Cancer Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.420119.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1532 0013)
10 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)
11 University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Department of Medicine, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622); University of Louisville School of Medicine, University of Louisville, Alcohol Research Center, Louisville, USA (GRID:grid.266623.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 1622)