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Abstract
Dense, continuous pulsar timing observations over a 24-hr period provide a method for probing intermediate gravitational wave (GW) frequencies from 10 microhertz to 20 millihertz. The European Pulsar Timing Array (EPTA), the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA), and the combined International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) all use millisecond pulsar observations to detect or constrain GWs typically at nanohertz frequencies. In the case of the IPTA's nine-telescope 24-Hour Global Campaign on millisecond pulsar J1713+0747, GW limits in the intermediate frequency regime can be produced. The negligible change in dispersion measure during the observation minimizes red noise in the timing residuals, constraining any contributions from GWs due to individual sources. At 10-5 Hz, the 95% upper limit on strain is 10-11 for GW sources in the pulsar's direction.
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1 Department of Physics, Hillsdale College, 33 E. College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA; Astronomy Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
2 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, CA 91106, USA
3 Department of Physics, Hillsdale College, 33 E. College Street, Hillsdale, MI 49242, USA
4 Astronomy Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
5 ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
6 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
7 Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany
8 Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie de l'Environnement et de l'Espace, LPC2E UMR 6115 CNRS, F-45071 Orléans Cedex 02, and Station de radioastronomie de Nançay, Observatoire de Paris, CNRS/INSU, F-18330 Nançay, France
9 Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, 6224 Agricultural Road, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
10 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1003 Lopezville Rd., Socorro, NM 87801, USA
11 ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
12 ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands
13 Center for Advanced Radio Astronomy, University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520, USA
14 Columbia Astrophysics Laboratory, Columbia University, NY 10027, USA
15 ASTRON, the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy, Postbus 2, 7990 AA, Dwingeloo, The Netherlands; Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute, Profsoyuznaya str. 84/32, Moscow 117997, Russia
16 Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; University of Manchester, Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK11 9DL, UK
17 Department of Physics and Astronomy, West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
18 Astronomy Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
19 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Cagliari, Via della Scienza 5, 09047 Selargius (CA), Italy
20 National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 520 Edgemont Road, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA
21 Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Pune 411007, India.
22 CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science, Australia Telescope National Facility, PO Box 76, Epping, NSW 1710, Australia
23 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH 44074, USA
24 Physics and Astronomy Department, University of New Mexico, 1919 Lomas Boulevard NE, Albuquerque, NM 87131-0001, USA
25 Max-Planck-Institut für Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hügel 69, D-53121 Bonn, Germany; Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 100131, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany