Ocular stroke and COVID-19

Abstract

In a literature search, we found only three case reports1 2 3 and two case series4 5 with at least one patient with COVID-19 presenting with stroke symptoms identified as CRAO. Acharya et al1 reported a 60-year-old man with history of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who presented with right CRAO 12 days after testing positive for COVID-19. Murchison et al,3Sweid et al,4 and Alam et al,5 all affiliated with the same institution, apparently described the same patient, with similar lesion site and blood test results (some minor differences and/or errors in reporting notwithstanding).

To the Editor—Recent reports have linked retinal vascular diseases with the hypercoagulability and thromboembolic pathology of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), also known as ocular stroke, is a sight-threatening ophthalmological emergency, and its reported correlation with COVID-19 is of particular interest to our territory-wide tertiary CRAO referral centre in Hong Kong.

In a literature search, we found only three case reports^{1 2 3} and two case series^{4 5} with at least one patient with COVID-19 presenting with stroke symptoms identified as CRAO. One case report on ophthalmic artery occlusion was excluded. Acharya et al¹ reported a 60-year-old man with history of hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, who presented with right CRAO 12 days after testing positive for COVID-19. He had D-dimer level 42.131 (no unit provided), fibrinogen level [greater than]700 (no unit provided), and C-reactive protein (CRP) level 7.02 (no unit provided). Montesel et al2 reported a 59-year-old man with history of hypertension and hyperuricaemia who presented with left CRAO 69 days after testing positive for COVID-19. He had D-dimer level 2.059 ng/mL, fibrinogen level 5.9 g/L, and CRP level 184 mg/L. Murchison et al,³Sweid et al,⁴ and Alam et al,⁵ all affiliated with the same institution, apparently described the same patient, with similar lesion site and blood test results (some minor differences and/or errors in reporting notwithstanding). These authors all describe a 59-year-old man with history of hypertension who presented with right CRAO after testing positive for COVID-19 (date of positive test not reported). He had D-dimer level 450 ng/mL, fibrinogen level 5.45 g/L, and CRP level 21 mg/L.

Central retinal artery occlusion is a rare disease worldwide, with an estimated annual incidence of 0.85 per 100 000 population, which could account for the few published case reports. All cases had at least one known risk factor for CRAO, with hypertension being the commonest. The correlation of CRAO and COVID-19 is uncertain, but we believe these cases do not demonstrate any causal link.

Author contributions

SCL Au drafted the letter and all authors contributed to the critical revision of the letter for important intellectual content. All authors approved the final version for publication and take responsibility for its accuracy and integrity.

Conflicts of interest

All authors have disclosed no conflicts of interest.

Funding/support

This letter received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

References

1. Acharya S, Diamond M, Anwar S, Glaser A, Tyagi P. Unique case of central retinal artery occlusion secondary to COVID-19 disease. IDCases 2020;21:e00867.

2. Montesel A, Bucolo C, Mouvet V, Moret E, Eandi CM. Case report: central retinal artery occlusion in a COVID-19 patient. Front Pharmacol 2020;11:588384.

3. Murchison AP, Sweid A, Dharia R, et al. Monocular visual loss as the presenting symptom of COVID-19 infection. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020;201:106440.

4. Sweid A, Hammoud B, Weinberg JH, et al. Letter: thrombotic neurovascular disease in COVID-19 patients. Neurosurgery 2020;87:E400-6.

5. Alam S, Dharia RN, Miller E, Rincon F, Tzeng DL, Bell RD. Coronavirus positive patients presenting with stroke-like symptoms. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021;30:105588.