Outcome of the scarf osteotomy in adolescent

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Introduction

There are over 130 described surgical procedures for the management of symptomatic hallux valgus in adults. No one procedure has been proven to be superior to the other [1]. Adolescent hallux valgus deformity differs from that of adults by the presence of a grossly increased distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) and the absence of medial subluxation [2]. Symptomatic deformities are best treated surgically as the conservative management including shoe wear modifications fails to halt the progression of the deformity [3]. The choice of the surgery depends on the degree of hallux valgus deformity. Severe deformities with a grossly abnormal distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) are best treated by a diaphyseal osteotomy that allows translation such as the scarf osteotomy [2, 4–6]. The addition of a closing wedge osteotomy of the proximal phalanx (Akin’s procedure) increases the corrective abilities of the procedure. In addition, the scarf osteotomy confers the advantage of inherent biomechanical stability. It also prevents shortening of the first ray and allows early mobilisation [7, 8]. There are no published reports in the English literature of scarf osteotomy in the management of adolescent children with symptomatic hallux valgus. The aim of this paper is to report the radiological and clinical outcome of scarf osteotomy in the treatment of moderate to severe hallux valgus among adolescent children.

Patients and methods

We retrospectively reviewed the clinical notes and radiographs of all adolescent patients who had surgery for symptomatic hallux valgus between April 2001 and July 2006. Fifteen patients (22 feet) underwent a scarf osteotomy of the first metatarsal. All procedures were carried out at a tertiary referral children’s hospital. Two patients (three feet) were lost to follow-up. There were 11 girls (16 feet) and 2 boys (3 feet) with data available for assessment during the latest follow-up. Six patients underwent bilateral procedures. The mean age at surgery was 14.3 years (12–18). Patients were followed up for a mean of 37.6 months (22.5–76.3).

Pre-operative and 6-week post-operative (anteroposterior and lateral) radiographs were available for all patients. Nine patients (13 feet) had radiographs during further follow-ups for pain or recurrence of deformity. The intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux valgus angle (HVA) and distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) were measured pre- and post-surgery. Lines were constructed along the centre of the anatomical axes of the first metatarsal, second metatarsal and proximal phalanx of the hallux (Fig. 1). The angle formed by the intersection of the axes of the first and second metatarsals is the IMA. The value is normally 7°–9° [3]. The angle formed by the first metatarsal and the proximal phalanx of the hallux represents the HVA, normally 10°–15° [9]. A perpendicular to the anatomical axis of the first metatarsal was constructed. The angle was subtended by the inclination of the articular surface of the first metatarsal head, and this line represented the DMAA, normally <8° [9].

View Image - Fig. 1 Pre-operative radiograph demonstrating the angles measured. HVA hallux valgus angle, IMA intermetatarsal angle, DMAA distal metatarsal articular angle

Fig. 1 Pre-operative radiograph demonstrating the angles measured. HVA hallux valgus angle, IMA intermetatarsal angle, DMAA distal metatarsal articular angle

At the latest follow-up all patients were scored according to the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Score (AOFAS) [10].

Two patients in our study also had an Akin’s procedure. This was necessary to improve the correction and probably influenced the clinical and radiological outcome in these two patients. One patient underwent a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint fusion for a flexion deformity of the PIP joint of the second toe.

Statistical analysis: Data were checked for normality using Statsdirect 2.7.2. The paired Student's ‘t’ test for normally distributed data and the Mann–Withney U test for non-normally distributed data and ANOVA were used to determine statistical significance with a P value of 0.05 or less considered to be significant.

Results

Table 1 shows the mean HVA, IMA and DMAA for the whole group. ANOVA was used to compare the pre-operative, 6 weeks post-operative and last measured IMA, DMAA and HVA and is shown in Table 2. There was no correlation between age at surgery and pre-operative IMA, HVA and DMAA, 6 weeks post-operative IMA, DMAA and HVA and final follow-up IMA, DMAA and HVA.

Table 1 HVA, IMA and DMAA measurements

All patients	Mean pre-op angle (°)	Mean 6 weeks post-op angle (°)	Mean last F/U angle (°)
HVA	34	15	25
IMA	14	8.7	8.5
DMAA	17.4	8	15.6

Table 1 HVA, IMA and DMAA measurements

Table 2 ANOVA scores for comparison of IMA, HVA and DMAA preoperatively, at 6 weeks post-operatively and at the final follow-up

All patients	Pre-op to 6 weeks post-op		Pre-op to last X-ray		6 weeks post-op to last X-ray
	Diff. in means (change)	P value	Diff. in means (change)	P value	Diff. in means (change)	P value
	Diff. in means (change)	95% CI	Diff. in means (change)	95% CI	Diff. in means (change)	95% CI
IMA (°)	5.5	<0.0001	5.3	<0.0001	−0.2	0.5
		<0.0001		3.4 to 7.2		0.5
		3.8 to 7.2		3.4 to 7.2		−1.8 to 2.1
HVA (°)	19.4	<0.0001	9.2	0.0003	−10.1	<0.0001
HVA (°)	19.4	15.2 to 23.6	9.2	4.4 to 14	−10.1	−5.3 to −14.1
DMAA (°)	9.5	<0.0001	1.9	0.32	−7.6	0.0002
DMAA (°)	9.5	6.1 to 1286	1.9	−1.9 to 5.7	−7.6	−3.8 to −11.5

Table 2 ANOVA scores for comparison of IMA, HVA and DMAA preoperatively, at 6 weeks post-operatively and at the final follow-up

There was significant improvement in the mean IMA that was maintained at the final follow-up. There was also statistically significant improvement in the 6-week post-operative HVA, but this was lost at the last follow-up. The initial mean improvement of 19.4° of the HVA was reduced to 9.2° at the last follow-up. The DMAA showed a similar trend. The significant 6-week post-operative improvement of 9.5° was reduced to 1.9° at final follow-up.

The mean AOFAS score for the whole group was 80 (54–100). Six patients with seven operated feet were symptomatic (pain), and the deformity had recurred. Their mean AOFAS score was 68 (54–80). Seven other patients with ten operated feet were satisfied, and their mean AOFAS score was 94 (72–100). One patient was included in both groups as the patient was satisfied with one side, but not with the other. One patient had other significant disabilities that affected the AOFAS score obtained and was excluded from the analysis. There was no statistically significant correlation between age and AOFAS score. However, there was a statistically significant difference in the AOFAS score between the symptomatic and asymptomatic group, P < 0.001 (95% CI 14.9–33.7). There was no statistically significant difference between these two groups when their age, gender, pre-operative HVA, IMA and DMAA were compared.

There were two (9%) cases of superficial wound infection. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was cultured from one patient, and the infection was treated successfully with 2 weeks of oral antibiotics. The other patient complained of prominent stitch. This was removed by surgical exploration and subsequently developed a superficial infection requiring 1 week of oral antibiotics. One patient developed complex regional pain syndrome 6 weeks post-operatively. This resolved spontaneously with physiotherapy and NSAIDs by 6 months. None of the patients in the study group reported symptoms of transfer metatarsalgia, restriction of movement or callus-related problems at the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) or IP joint. All patients achieved clinical and radiological bony union at the osteotomy site by the end of 3 months (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2 Three months postoperative radiographs following scarf osteotomy

Discussion

A number of published studies have reported on the outcome of various procedures for hallux valgus in skeletally immature patients. No single technique has proved to be better than others, and all have a significant rate of recurrence in this age range. Scranton and Zuckerman [11] noticed a 36% failure rate with distal metatarsal osteotomy for adolescent hallux valgus. He proposed that elective bunion surgery in adolescents should only be performed in the face of progressive, painful deformity where both the patient and the patient’s parents fully understand the goals and risks of surgery.

Ball and Sullivan [12] recommended abandonment of the Mitchell procedure for juvenile bunions due to recurrence of hallux valgus and restricted motion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. They found that only 61% (11 of 18) of the patients were satisfied. They also noted a significant incidence of metatarsalgia postoperatively. De's [13] experience of the procedure was similar. He found that excessive metatarsal shortening and dorsal tilting occurred, and this led to persistent metatarsalgia. In another study by Geissele et al. [14], only 59% of the patients had good results. He pointed out that the one factor most highly correlated with both decreased risk of recurrence of angular deformity and patient satisfaction was a reduction of the IMA. This was not borne out in our study.

Patients who had undergone double metatarsal osteotomy for the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity were reported to have a high complication rate of first MTP joint stiffness, making the procedure unsuitable for a high-functioning adolescent [15, 16].

We believed that the Z or “scarf” osteotomy offered potential advantages over some other methods for the treatment of adolescent hallux valgus. Z osteotomy of the first metatarsal was first described by Meyer [17] in 1926 and popularised by Weil and Bourouk [18, 19]. “Scarf” is a term used to describe a carpentry technique. The technique involves securing beams of timber longitudinally after notching or grooving the ends, thus allowing a degree of overlap. The same principle is applied surgically. The ‘Z’ osteotomy facilitates overlap of the bony edges of the metatarsal, which are then secured via headless screw fixation.

Cadaveric biomechanical studies have shown scarf osteotomy to be more stable under loaded conditions than the basal osteotomy [7, 20]. The absolute stability achieved by screw fixation results in early bony union [8]. In addition, the diaphyseal osteotomy results in a large surface area being available for bone-to-bone contact. This also contributes to the inherent stability of the osteotomy and encourages bony union [7, 20].

Furthermore, there are several studies that show good long-term results following scarf osteotomy in adults. In the study by Aminian et al. [21] involving 27 feet, the complication rate was 1.1%, including superficial infection and recurrence. He concluded that the scarf osteotomy provides a predictable and effective correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities. In another study by Galli et al. [22] involving 25 patients, 19 patients were declared to be very satisfied, 4 satisfied and only 1 dissatisfied at 24-month follow-up. None of the patients had pain, and one patient was dissatisfied with the aesthetic result. Prospective studies by Deenik et al. [23] and Lorei et al. [24] have also showed good results for scarf osteotomy in adults.

In our study group, initially we were pleased with the short-term outcome. Early radiological evaluation revealed significant improvement in the mean HVA, IMA and DMAA, and patients were happy with the outcome. This finding is consistent with that reported in the literature for scarf osteotomy in the adult population [25–27].

None of our patients suffered from transfer metatarsalgia or stiffness of the first MTP joint. None of our patients were immobilised with plaster. They were allowed to mobilise fully weight bearing as tolerated using wood-soled shoes post-operatively for up to 6 weeks. With this regimen the bony union rate in our series of patients was 100% by the 3rd post-operative month, and there were no incidents of osteotomy displacement. This was confirmed both clinically and radiologically in all cases.

The medium term follow-up of our patients revealed that although there was a sustained correction of the IMA, the initial correction of the DMAA and HVA was short lived. This correlated with patient dissatisfaction at the outcome of the procedure. These findings are not dissimilar to those for other hallux valgus procedures. To our knowledge there is only one published study on scarf osteotomy for hallux valgus in children, which was done by Salmeron et al. [28]. The article is in the French literature, and the findings of the study are similar to ours in that 9 out of 19 French patients were reported to have had a poor outcome with residual pain and cosmetic problems.

The reasons for poor outcome following scarf osteotomy in children are not clear. Some authors have postulated a relationship between pes planus and hallux valgus in the adolescent age group [11, 29, 30]. Any factor that causes stretching of the tissues on the medial side of the hallux on weight bearing may play a role in recurrence of the deformity. The balance between abductor hallucis that inserts on the plantar and medial surface of the proximal phalanx and the adductor hallucis that inserts on the lateral surface is lost. The adductor hallucis overpowers the abductor hallucis, and this may favour the gradual recurrence of the deformity. Adaptive secondary bony changes can then occur that influence the alignment of the metatarsal articular surface leading to a change in the DMAA. The recurrence of adolescent hallux valgus following the scarf procedure is no different than that following other surgical techniques. It is reasonable to assume that deformity recurrence is a consequence of the patient group rather than the weakness of any specific technique.

A limitation of this study is the small sample size, even though it is similar to that found in other studies [31–33]. In addition, the retrospective nature of the study has its inherent deficiencies. However, we feel it is useful to report our medium-term results as the outcome had a clear trend.

We believe that the scarf osteotomy as a treatment option for symptomatic adolescent hallux valgus should be used sparingly. Patients should be warned and advised regarding the potential for recurrence. Where possible, the procedure should be deferred until skeletal maturity is attained and the outcome is more predictable.

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AuthorAffiliation

H. L. George