Introduction
Colorectal cancer (CRC) was the fourth most common malignant cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide in 2018. More than 20% of CRC patients were diagnosed with distant metastasis at initial diagnosis. Although obvious progress was achieved in the fields of molecular targeted therapy, immunotherapy and multidisciplinary treatment (MDT), the 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is still below 20% [1-3]. Different mCRC patients may have different prognoses, with OS varying from several months to several years. Factors such as liver oligometastasis, RAS mutation and BRAF mutation status have been reported to be prognostic of OS and can also guide treatment options for mCRC patients. The identification of new independent prognostic factors for mCRC is important and will help us better predict the prognosis of mCRC patients. Lipid disequilibrium has been reported to contribute to the occurrence and development of CRC. Clinical parameters reflecting lipid disequilibrium may serve as prognostic factors for mCRC patients. An increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (LHR) has been reported to predict a poor prognosis for mCRC patients with elevations in LDL-C [4-6]. However, little is known about the prognostic value of the ApoB to ApoA-I ratio (ApoB/ApoA-I) in mCRC patients.
Apolipoproteins have been reported to be extensively involved in the processes of cancer occurrence, progression and treatment [7-10]. Several studies have suggested that apolipoproteins can participate in carcinogenesis by promoting proliferation and invasion, enhanced antitumor immunity or drug delivery, and an immediate oxidative stress reaction[11-16]. Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), mainly synthesized in the liver and the small intestine, is a major fraction of HDL-C, accounting for approximately 70% [17, 18]. In CRC patients, the serum ApoA-I level has been reported to be an independent prognostic indicator to predict chemotherapy efficacy and survival time [19-23]. On the other hand, apolipoprotein B (ApoB), an important blood apolipoprotein existing mostly in LDL-C and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), has been paid less attention to in CRC than ApoA-I. Päivi Sirniö et al. analyzed the correlation between the serum ApoB/ApoA-I and survival in 144 CRC patients. They found that a decreased ApoB/ApoA-I was associated with improved cancer-specific survival and OS. However, the study sample size was small, and the independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I was not explored. Furthermore, there were only 19 CRC patients with distant metastasis [20]. Whether the ApoB/ApoA-I can serve as an independent prognostic factor of OS in mCRC patients remains unknown. We examined a large cohort of 838 mCRC patients to analyze the prognostic value of the pretreatment serum ApoB/ApoA-I on OS in mCRC patients. We also used the propensity score matching method to reduce the imbalance in the baseline characteristics to better identify the independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I. Finally, we validated our main findings and conclusions with an independent cohort of 150 mCRC patients.
Methods
Patient selection and data collection
We retrospectively collected the clinical data of 1049 patients who were pathologically diagnosed with mCRC between Jan 2005 and Dec 2013 at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC). The inclusion criteria of this study were as follows: 1) Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) score ≤ 2, 2) received multidisciplinary treatment (MDT), and 3) available complete lab-based serum indexes before treatment. Exclusion criteria were as follows: 1) with previous or coexisting malignant tumors, 2) suffered from acute illnesses, including hepatic failure, severe trauma or stroke, 3) taking lipid-lowering drugs (statins, fibrates), antidiabetic drugs (oral antidiabetics, insulin) or corticosteroids, and 4) without complete follow-up data. We obtained the clinical data of participants, including patient demographics, clinicopathological information (tumor grade, primary tumor site, etc.) and clinical therapy (surgery, chemotherapy regimen, etc.) at first diagnosis from the patient electronic medical record (EMR) system. Serological biomarkers, including lipid metabolism indexes, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), were analyzed by a blood automatic biochemical analyzer. The patients were followed up every 3-6 months until death or dropout, with a median follow-up duration of 26 months (interquartile range (IQR): 15-45 months). A total of 838 patients (534 males, 304 females) were enrolled in our cohort. Then, we randomly divided 838 patients into two independent cohorts, namely, the training cohort (N=578) and the validation cohort (N=260).
An independent cohort of 150 mCRC patients hospitalized in SYSUCC between Jan 2014 and Dec 2014 was also included in this study to validate the independent prognostic value of ApoB/ApoA-I on OS in mCRC patients.
Enlarge this image.Figure 1 The study flow chart. *ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score.
Statistical analyses
According to clinical practice, we defined cholesterols > 6.47 mmol/L, triglycerides > 1.70 mmol/L, HDL-C < 0.78 mmol/L, LDL-C > 3.40 mmol/L, ApoA-I < 1.05 ng/L, and ApoB > 1.15 ng/L as dyslipidemia groups. We defined the best cut-off value of LHR at 2.55 and the ApoB/ApoA-I at 0.69 to stratify patients according to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in the training cohort. The cut-off values of LHR and the ApoB/ApoA-I were further validated in the validation cohort (N=260), the propensity score matching cohort (PSM) cohort (N=542) and the independent cohort (N=150). In this study, we explored the prognostic values of the serum lipid profiles of mCRC patients. A propensity score matching method was used to balance the baseline characteristics in the high and low ApoB/ApoA-I groups. The propensity scores of all patients were estimated by a logistic regression model using the following baseline characteristics as covariates: age, gender, ECOG PS score, primary tumor site, tumor grade, number of metastatic organs, surgery, chemotherapy, CEA and CA19-9. A one‐to‐one nearest neighbor matching algorithm with an optimal caliper of 0.2 without replacement was used to generate 542 patients, which were named the PSM cohort.
Differences in categorical variables or medians between groups were compared by the chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney test. Kaplan-Meier curves (log-rank test) and Cox proportional hazard regression models (backward method) were used to identify the independent prognostic factors of OS.
All statistical analyses were performed by using MedCalc (version 15.8; MedCalc Software bvba, Acacialaan, Belgium), SPSS (version 24.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and SAS (version 9.1.3; SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC, USA). All statistical tests were two-sided, and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
Results
Study flow chart and baseline characteristics
Figure 1 shows the details of the study flow chart. The clinical baseline characteristics of the training cohort (N=578) and the validation cohort (N=260) are described in table 1. We statistically compared the clinical parameters of these two cohorts and found that the two cohorts had comparable baseline characteristics. Patients in the two independent cohorts had similar age and gender distributions (training cohort: median age: 54 years, IQR: 43-62 years; gender: 64.4% males; validation cohort: median age: 55 years, IQR: 44-62 years; gender: 62.3% males). The primary tumor site was mostly located in the left semicolon (training cohort: 75.1%; validation cohort: 81.2%). The proportion of patients who suffered from multiple organ distant metastases was 59.0% and 56.5% in the training and validation cohort, respectively. Approximately half of the patients (training cohort: 46.9%; validation cohort: 44.2%) in both cohorts received radical or palliative surgery. The serum CEA and CA19-9 profiles were as follows: CEA > 5 ng/ml: 67.3% and CA19-9 > 35 ng/ml: 50.5% in the training cohort, CEA > 5 ng/ml: 70.0% and CA19-9 > 35 ng/ml: 54.2% in the validation cohort. As displayed in table 1, the number of patients whose serum ApoB/ApoA-I levels were under the cut-off value were 139 (24.0%) and 61 (23.5%) in the training and validation cohort, respectively.
The results shown in table 2 indicated that we successfully balanced the patients' baseline characteristics with the propensity score matching method, and 542 patients were included in the PSM cohort. The demographic and baseline characteristics of the PSM cohort (n=542) and the independent cohort (n=150) are shown in table 3. The median age of the PSM cohort was 53 years (IQR: 43-62 years), and most of the patients (63.8%) enrolled were male. The proportion of patients who received traditional chemotherapy combined with targeted therapy was 28%. In the PSM cohort, baseline variables, including age, gender, ECOG PS score, primary tumor site, tumor grade, number of metastatic organs, surgery, chemotherapy, CEA and CA19-9, were well balanced in the high ApoB/ApoA-I group and the low ApoB/ApoA-I group (table 2). Thus, the independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I on OS in mCRC patients can be better explored.
Survival Analysis
The endpoint of our research was OS, which was defined as the date from the initial diagnosis to death or the time of the last follow-up. The median OS for 838 patients was 22 months (IQR: 10.0-31.0).
Kaplan-Meier curve analysis indicated that an elevated ApoB/ApoA-I was associated with worse survival in the training cohort, the validation cohort, the PSM cohort and the independent cohort (P < 0.01) (Figure 2).
Univariate and multivariate analyses
In the training cohort, univariate analysis showed that the primary tumor site, tumor grade, tumor resection, CEA, CA19-9, cholesterols, triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and ApoB/ApoA-I were prognostic of OS (Figures 2A and 3).
Table 1
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the training cohort and the validation cohort.
| Characteristics | Training Cohort, n (%) | Validation Cohort, n (%) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 578(100.0) | 260(100.0) | |
| Age, years (median/IQR) | 54 (43-62) | 55(44-62) | 0.805 |
| Gender | 0.587 | ||
| Male | 372 (64.4) | 162(62.3) | |
| Female | 206(35.6) | 98(37.7) | |
| ECOG PS score | 0.879 | ||
| 0 | 343(59.3) | 162(62.3) | |
| 1-2 | 235(40.7) | 98(37.7) | |
| Primary tumor site | 0.062 | ||
| Right | 144(24.9) | 49(18.8) | |
| Left | 434(75.1) | 211(81.2) | |
| Tumor grade | 0.440 | ||
| G1-2 | 427(73.9) | 199(76.5) | |
| G3 | 151(26.1) | 61(23.5) | |
| Number of metastatic organs | 0.545 | ||
| 1 | 237 (41.0) | 113(43.5) | |
| ≥ 2 | 341(59.0) | 147(56.5) | |
| Primary/Metastatic tumor resection | 0.501 | ||
| No | 307(53.1) | 145(55.8) | |
| Yes | 271 (46.9) | 115(44.2) | |
| Chemotherapy | 0.281 | ||
| Chemo | 410(70.9) | 194(74.6) | |
| Combination | 168(29.1) | 66(25.4) | |
| CEA (ng/ml) | 0.471 | ||
| > 5 | 389(67.3) | 182(70.0) | |
| ≤ 5 | 189(32.7) | 78(30.0) | |
| CA19-9 (ng/ml) | 0.332 | ||
| > 35 | 292(50.5) | 141(54.2) | |
| ≤ 35 | 286(49.5) | 119(45.8) | |
| Cholesterols (mmol/L) | 0.557 | ||
| > 6.47 | 63(10.9) | 32(12.3) | |
| ≤ 6.47 | 515(89.1) | 228(87.7) | |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 0.793 | ||
| > 1.70 | 139(24.0) | 60(23.1) | |
| ≤ 1.70 | 439(76.0) | 200(76.9) | |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.664 | ||
| ≥ 0.78 | 504(87.2) | 224(86.2) | |
| < 0.78 | 74(12.8) | 36(13.8) | |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | 0.365 | ||
| > 3.40 | 236(40.8) | 115(44.2) | |
| ≤ 3.40 | 342(59.2) | 145(55.8) | |
| ApoA-I (ng/L) | 0.938 | ||
| ≥ 1.05 | 371(64.2) | 166(63.8) | |
| < 1.05 | 207(35.8) | 94(36.2) | |
| ApoB (ng/L) | 0.288 | ||
| > 1.15 | 165(28.5) | 84(32.3) | |
| ≤ 1.15 | 413(71.5) | 176(67.7) | |
| LDL-C/HDL-C | 0.877 | ||
| ≥ 2.55 | 366(63.3) | 97(37.3) | |
| < 2.55 | 212(36.7) | 163(62.7) | |
| ApoB/ApoA-I | 0.930 | ||
| ≥ 0.69 | 439(76.0) | 199(76.5) | |
| < 0.69 | 139(24.0) | 61(23.5) |
IQR: interquartile range; ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio; ApoB/ApoA-I: ApoB to ApoA-I ratio.
Table 2
Association analysis of colorectal cancer patients before propensity score matching (n=838) and after propensity score matching (n=542).
| Cohort | CRC patients before PSM (n=838) CRC patients after PSM (n=542)||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ApoB/ApoA-I Low, n (%) | ApoB/ApoA-I High, n (%) | P-value | ApoB/ApoA-I Low, n (%) | ApoB/ApoA-I High, n (%) | P-value |
| Total | 200(100%) | 638(100%) | 191(100%) | 351(100%) | ||
| 0.030 | 0.603 | |||||
| < 55 | 116(58.0) | 314(49.2) | 110(57.6) | 194(55.3) | ||
| ≥ 55 | 84(42.0) | 324(50.8) | 81(42.4) | 157(44.7) | ||
| 0.111 | 0.095 | |||||
| Male | 118(59.0) | 416(65.2) | 113(59.2) | 233(66.4) | ||
| Female | 82(41.0) | 222(34.8) | 78(40.8) | 118(33.6) | ||
| 0.365 | 0.412 | |||||
| 0 | 126(63.0) | 379(59.4) | 119(62.3) | 206(58.7) | ||
| 1-2 | 74(37.0) | 259(40.6) | 72(37.7) | 145(41.3) | ||
| < 0.001 | 0.110 | |||||
| Right | 65(32.5) | 128(20.1) | 72(37.7) | 81(23.1) | ||
| Left | 135(67.5) | 510(79.9) | 119(62.3) | 270(76.9) | ||
| 0.911 | 0.634 | |||||
| G1-G2 | 150(75.0) | 476(74.6) | 144(75.4) | 271(77.2) | ||
| G3 | 50(25.0) | 162(25.4) | 47(24.6) | 80(22.8) | ||
| 0.569 | 0.349 | |||||
| 1 | 87(43.5) | 263(41.2) | 83(43.5) | 138(39.3) | ||
| ≥ 2 | 113(56.5) | 375(58.8) | 108(56.5) | 213(60.7) | ||
| 0.599 | 0.599 | |||||
| No | 109(54.5) | 343(53.8) | 103(53.9) | 181(51.6) | ||
| Yes | 91(45.5) | 295(46.2) | 88(46.1) | 170(48.4) | ||
| 0.216 | 0.265 | |||||
| Chemo | 151(75.5) | 453(71.0) | 143(74.9) | 247(70.4) | ||
| Combination | 49(24.5) | 185(29.0) | 48(25.1) | 104(29.6) | ||
| 0.013 | 0.736 | |||||
| > 5 | 122(61.0) | 449(70.4) | 118(61.8) | 222(63.2) | ||
| ≤ 5 | 78(39.0) | 189(29.6) | 73(38.2) | 129(36.8) | ||
| < 0.001 | 0.610 | |||||
| > 35 | 82(41.0) | 351(55.0) | 80(41.9) | 155(44.2) | ||
| ≤ 35 | 118(59.0) | 287(45.0) | 111(58.1) | 196(55.8) |
* PSM: propensity score matching; ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Performance Status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9.
Enlarge this image.Figure 2 Kaplan-Meier curves depicting OS according to the ApoB/ApoA-I in the training cohort, the validation cohort, the PSM cohort and the independent cohort in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. A: Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS in the training cohort. B: Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS in the validation cohort. C: Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS in the PSM cohort. D: Kaplan-Meier analysis of OS in the independent cohort.
Table 3
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of the propensity score matching (PSM) cohort (n=542) and the independent cohort (n=150).
| Characteristics | PSM cohort, n (%) | Independent cohort, n (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Total | 542(100.0) | 150(100.0) |
| Age, years (median/IQR) | 53(43-62) | 61(51-67) |
| Gender | ||
| Male | 346(63.8) | 88 (58.7) |
| Female | 196(36.2) | 62(41.3) |
| ECOG PS score | ||
| 0 | 325(60.0) | 22(14.7) |
| 1-2 | 217(40.0) | 128(85.3) |
| Primary tumor site | ||
| Right | 137(25.3) | 32(21.3) |
| Left | 405(74.7) | 118(78.7) |
| Tumor grade | ||
| G1-2 | 415(76.6) | 112(74.7) |
| G3 | 127(23.4) | 38(25.3) |
| Number of metastatic organs | ||
| 1 | 221(40.8) | 102(68.0) |
| ≥ 2 | 321(59.2) | 48(32.0) |
| Primary/Metastatic tumor resection | ||
| No | 284(52.4) | 43(28.7) |
| Yes | 258(47.6) | 107(71.3) |
| Chemotherapy | ||
| Chemo alone | 390(72.0) | 104(69.3) |
| Combination | 152(28.0) | 46(30.7) |
| CEA (ng/ml) | ||
| > 5 | 340(62.7) | 105(70.0) |
| ≤ 5 | 202(37.3) | 45(30.0) |
| CA19-9(ng/ml) | ||
| > 35 | 235(43.4) | 67(44.7) |
| ≤ 35 | 307(56.6) | 83(55.3) |
| Cholesterols (mmol/L) | ||
| > 6.47 | 45(8.3) | 18(12.0) |
| ≤ 6.47 | 497(91.7) | 132(88.0) |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | ||
| > 1.70 | 116(21.4) | 24(16.0) |
| ≤ 1.70 | 426(78.6) | 126(84.0) |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) | ||
| ≥ 0.78 | 481(88.7) | 140(93.3) |
| < 0.78 | 61(11.3) | 10(6.7) |
| LDL-C (mmol/L) | ||
| > 3.40 | 186(34.3) | 53(35.3) |
| ≤ 3.40 | 356(65.7) | 97(64.7) |
| ApoA-I (ng/L) | ||
| ≥ 1.05 | 362(66.8) | 49(32.7) |
| < 1.05 | 180(33.2) | 101(67.3) |
| ApoB (ng/L) | ||
| > 1.15 | 129(23.8) | 40(26.7) |
| ≤ 1.15 | 413(76.2) | 110(73.3) |
| LDL-C/HDL-C | ||
| ≥ 2.55 | 297(54.8) | 92(61.3) |
| < 2.55 | 245(45.2) | 58(38.7) |
| ApoB/ApoA-I | ||
| ≥ 0.69 | 351(64.8) | 106(70.7) |
| < 0.69 | 191(35.2) | 44(29.3) |
*IQR: interquartile range; ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio; ApoB/ApoA-I: ApoB to ApoA-I ratio.
In the validation cohort, univariate analysis showed that the tumor grade, CEA, CA19-9, ApoA-I, ApoB, LDL-C/HDL-C and ApoB/ApoA-I were prognostic of OS (Figures 2B and 4).
In the PSM cohort, univariate analysis showed that the ECOG PS score, primary tumor site, tumor grade, tumor resection, CEA, CA19-9, HDL-C, LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C and ApoB/ApoA-I were prognostic of OS (Figures 2C and 5).
The tumor grade, CEA, CA19-9, LDL-C/HDL-C and ApoB/ApoA-I were prognostic of OS in all three cohorts (Figures 3, 4, and 5). Variables significantly prognostic of OS identified by univariate analysis were further analyzed by Cox proportional hazards regression models (backward method) in multivariate analysis. The ApoB/ApoA-I was identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS in all three cohorts [training cohort: hazard ratio (HR): 1.371; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.205-1.870, P=0.045; validation cohort: HR: 1.924 95% CI: 1.360-2.723, P< 0.001; PSM cohort: HR: 1.599 95% CI: 1.287-1.988, P< 0.001, tables 4, 5, and 6].
CEA, CA19-9 and tumor grade were also identified as independent prognostic factors for OS in all three cohorts. The LDL-C/HDL-C was identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS in the training cohort. However, the LDL-C/HDL-C was not identified as an independent prognostic factor for OS in the validation cohort or the PSM cohort (Tables 4, 5, and 6).
Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that ApoB/ApoA-I was an independent prognostic factor in the independent cohort (HR: 1.949; 95% CI: 1.014-3.747, P=0.046) (Tables 7).We validated our main findings and conclusions with an independent cohort.
Table 4
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) in the training cohort.
| Variables | Univariate Multivariate||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P- value | |
| Age, years (< 55/≥ 55) | 1.198 | 0.986-1.456 | 0.070 | |||
| Gender (Male/Female) | 1.044 | 0.853-1.277 | 0.676 | |||
| ECOG PS score (0/1-2) | 1.184 | 0.971-1.443 | 0.095 | |||
| Primary tumor site ( Left /Right) | 1.477 | 1.185-1.841 | 0.001 | 1.437 | 1.175-1.757 | < 0.001 |
| Tumor grade (G1-2/G3) | 1.410 | 1.128-1.762 | 0.003 | 1.565 | 1.245-1.966 | < 0.001 |
| Number of metastatic organs (1/≥ 2) | 0.937 | 0.768-1.143 | 0.521 | |||
| Primary/Metastatic tumor resection (Yes/No) | 1.443 | 1.185-1.758 | 0.001 | 1.473 | 1.175-1.757 | < 0.001 |
| Chemotherapy (Chemo/combination) | 0.960 | 0.776-1.187 | 0.705 | |||
| CEA (ng/ml) (< 5/≥ 5) | 1.692 | 1.364-2.100 | < 0.001 | 1.501 | 1.193-1.889 | 0.001 |
| CA19-9 (ng/ml) (< 35/≥ 35) | 1.569 | 1.289-1.911 | < 0.001 | 1.317 | 1.065-1.630 | 0.011 |
| Cholesterols (mmol/L) (≤ 6.47/> 6.47) | 1.375 | 1.033-1.8230 | 0.006 | |||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) (≤ 1.70/> 1.70) | 0.789 | 0.625-0.996 | 0.046 | 0.707 | 0.558-0.896 | 0.004 |
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (≥ 0.78/< 0.78) | 1.415 | 1.064-1.882 | 0.017 | |||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (≤ 3.40/> 3.40) | 1.266 | 1.041-1.540 | 0.018 | |||
| ApoA-I(ng/L) (≥ 1.05/< 1.05) | 1.124 | 0.917-1.378 | 0.260 | |||
| ApoB (ng/L) (≤ 1.15/> 1.15) | 1.123 | 0.984-1.496 | 0.071 | |||
| LDL-C/HDL-C (< 2.55/≥ 2.55) | 1.340 | 1.087-1.651 | 0.006 | 1.334 | 1.109-1.746 | 0.036 |
| ApoB/ApoA-I (< 0.69/≥ 0.69) | 1.580 | 1.234-2.023 | < 0.001 | 1.371 | 1.205-1.870 | 0.045 |
* ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio; ApoB/ApoA-I: ApoB to ApoA-I ratio.
Table 5
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) in the validation cohort.
| Variables | Univariate Multivariate||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P- value | |
| Age, years (< 55/≥ 55) | 1.029 | 0.774-1.368 | 0.388 | |||
| Gender (Male/Female) | 1.044 | 0.853-1.277 | 0.876 | |||
| ECOG PS score (0/1-2) | 1.248 | 0.939-1.658 | 0.127 | |||
| Primary tumor site ( Left /Right ) | 1.072 | 0.749-1.533 | 0.705 | |||
| Tumor grade (G1-2/G3) | 1.475 | 1.059-2.056 | 0.022 | 1.635 | 1.163-2.300 | 0.005 |
| Number of metastatic organs (1/≥ 2) | 0.886 | 0.669-1.173 | 0.397 | |||
| Primary/Metastatic tumor resection (Yes/No) | 1.087 | 0.822-1.438 | 0.559 | |||
| Chemotherapy (Chemo/combination) | 0.970 | 0.706-1.333 | 0.852 | |||
| CEA (ng/ml) (< 5/≥ 5) | 1.605 | 1.170-2.203 | 0.003 | 1.441 | 1.029-2.016 | 0.033 |
| CA19-9 (ng/ml) (< 35/≥ 35) | 1.664 | 1.251-2.214 | < 0.001 | 1.489 | 1.101-2.015 | 0.010 |
| Cholesterols (mmol/L) (≤ 6.47/> 6.47) | 0.955 | 0.618-1.477 | 0.855 | |||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) (≤ 1.70/> 1.70) | 1.208 | 0.872-1.673 | 0.256 | |||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (≥ 0.78/< 0.78) | 1.424 | 0.947-2.140 | 0.089 | |||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (≤ 3.40/> 3.40) | 1.298 | 0.996-1.726 | 0.072 | |||
| ApoA-I (ng/L) (≥ 1.05/< 1.05) | 1.391 | 1.040-1.863 | 0.026 | |||
| ApoB (ng/L) (≤ 1.15/> 1.15) | 1.356 | 1.005-1.861 | 0.046 | |||
| LDL-C/HDL-C (< 2.55/≥ 2.55) | 1.491 | 1.107-2.009 | 0.008 | |||
| ApoB/ApoA-I (< 0.69/≥ 0.69) | 2.122 | 1.504-2.995 | < 0.001 | 1.924 | 1.360-2.723 | < 0.001 |
*ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio; ApoB/ApoA-I: ApoB to ApoA-I ratio.
Enlarge this image.Figure 3 Kaplan-Meier curves depicting OS according to other factors in the training cohort. *ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; Metastatic organs: number of metastatic organs; Tumor resection: primary or metastatic tumor resection; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio.
Enlarge this image.Figure 4 Kaplan-Meier curves depicting OS according to other factors in the validation cohort. *ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; Metastatic organs: number of metastatic organs; Tumor resection: primary or metastatic tumor resection; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9:; carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio.
Table 6
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) in the PSM cohort.
| Variables | Univariate Multivariate||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P- value | |
| Age, years (< 55/≥ 55) | 1.093 | 0.893-1.399 | 0.387 | |||
| Gender (Male/Female) | 1.171 | 0.952-1.440 | 0.134 | |||
| ECOG PS score (0/1-2) | 1.295 | 1.056-1.588 | 0.013 | 1.268 | 1.032-1.557 | 0.024 |
| Primary tumor site ( Left /Right ) | 1.531 | 1.207-1.897 | < 0.001 | 1.491 | 1.187-1.873 | 0.001 |
| Tumor grade (G1-2/G3) | 1.445 | 1.141-1.831 | 0.003 | 1.448 | 1.141-1.836 | 0.002 |
| Number of metastatic organs (1/≥ 2) | 0.878 | 0.716-1.078 | 0.216 | |||
| Primary/Metastatic tumor resection (Yes/No) | 1.347 | 1.100-1.650 | 0.004 | 1.309 | 1.066-1.606 | 0.010 |
| Chemotherapy (Chemo/combination) | 0.957 | 0.767-1.195 | 0.700 | |||
| CEA (ng/ml) (< 5/≥ 5) | 1.751 | 1.410-2.173 | < 0.001 | 1.573 | 1.249-1.981 | < 0.001 |
| CA19-9 (ng/ml) (< 35/≥ 35) | 1.721 | 1.401-2.115 | < 0.001 | 1.469 | 1.181-1.828 | 0.001 |
| Cholesterols (mmol/L) (≤ 6.47/> 6.47) | 1.109 | 0.779-1.578 | 0.565 | |||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) (≤ 1.70/> 1.70) | 0.814 | 0.634-1.044 | 0.105 | |||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (≥ 0.78/< 0.78) | 1.413 | 1.034-1.932 | 0.030 | |||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (≤ 3.40/> 3.40) | 1.308 | 1.062-1.612 | 0.012 | |||
| ApoA-I (ng/L) (≥ 1.05/< 1.05) | 1.386 | 0.760-2.527 | 0.287 | |||
| ApoB (ng/L) (≤ 1.15/> 1.15) | 1.250 | 0.993-1.574 | 0.057 | |||
| LDL-C/HDL-C (< 2.55/≥ 2.55) | 1.299 | 1.059-1.594 | 0.012 | |||
| ApoB/ApoA-I (< 0.69/≥ 0.69) | 1.485 | 1.196-1.843 | < 0.001 | 1.599 | 1.287-1.988 | < 0.001 |
* PSM cohort: propensity score matching cohort; ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio; ApoB/ApoA-I: ApoB to ApoA-I ratio.
Enlarge this image.Figure 5 Kaplan-Meier curves depicting OS according to other factors in the PSM cohort. *PSM: propensity score matching; ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; Metastatic organs: number of metastatic organs; Tumor resection: primary or metastatic tumor resection; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio.
Table 7
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the prognostic factors of overall survival (OS) in the independent cohort.
| Variables | Univariate Multivariate|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P- value | ||
| Age, years (< 55/≥ 55) | 1.099 | 0.627-1.925 | 0.744 | ||||
| Gender (Male/Female) | 0.870 | 0.516-1.466 | 0.603 | ||||
| ECOG PS score (0/1-2) | 0.594 | 0.308-1.144 | 0.121 | ||||
| Primary tumor site ( Left /Right ) | 0.765 | 0.406-1.440 | 0.408 | ||||
| Tumor grade (G1-2/G3) | 0.986 | 0.557-1.746 | 0.961 | ||||
| Number of metastatic organs (1/≥ 2) | 1.467 | 0.862-2.499 | 0.160 | ||||
| Primary/Metastatic tumor resection (Yes/No) | 1.970 | 1.154-3.360 | 0.013 | 1.652 | 0.960-2.843 | 0.071 | |
| Chemotherapy (Chemo/combination) | 1.138 | 0.673-1.925 | 0.631 | ||||
| CEA (ng/ml) (< 5/≥ 5) | 2.474 | 1.327-4.611 | 0.005 | 1.980 | 1.041-3.766 | 0.038 | |
| CA19-9 (ng/ml) (< 35/≥ 35) | 1.826 | 1.095-3.043 | 0.022 | ||||
| Cholesterols (mmol/L) (≤ 6.47/> 6.47) | 2.141 | 1.038-4.417 | 0.040 | ||||
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) (≤ 1.70/> 1.70) | 0.932 | 0.460-1.888 | 0.845 | ||||
| HDL-C (mmol/L) (≥ 0.78/< 0.78) | 1.529 | 0.614-3.806 | 0.365 | ||||
| LDL-C (mmol/L) (≤ 3.40/> 3.40) | 1.215 | 0.709-2.081 | 0.480 | ||||
| ApoA-I (ng/L) (≥ 1.05/< 1.05) | 1.284 | 0.745-2.213 | 0.370 | ||||
| ApoB (ng/L) (≤ 1.15/> 1.15) | 1.535 | 0.874-2.697 | 0.138 | ||||
| LDL-C/HDL-C (< 2.55/≥ 2.55) | 1.309 | 0.774-2.215 | 0.317 | ||||
| ApoB/ApoA-I (< 0.69/≥ 0.69) | 2.391 | 1.264-4.524 | 0.008 | 1.949 | 1.014-3.747 | 0.046 |
* ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio; ApoB/ApoA-I: ApoB to ApoA-I ratio.
Discussion
We confirmed that an increased ApoB/ApoA-I was an independent prognostic factor for shorter OS in mCRC patients by exploring the prognostic values of clinicopathological variables in the training cohort, the validation cohort, the PSM cohort and the independent cohort. In our research, we explored the independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I using the traditional randomization method to generate the training cohort and the validation cohort and using the propensity matching scoring method to generate the PSM cohort. Finally, we validated our main findings and conclusions with an independent cohort.
To the best of our knowledge, we identified for the first time the independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I in a large cohort of mCRC patients.
ApoA-I is an important apolipoprotein that reversely transports cholesterols from peripheral tissues to the liver. It has been reported to be a cofactor for lectin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT), which extensively participates in lipid metabolism[24]. In recent decades, many studies have reported the effect of lipid metabolism indexes on cancers, most of which focused on the risk of cancer influenced by lipids or lipoproteins. Several studies have identified that high ApoA-I can sharply increase the risk of breast cancer but inversely reduce the risk of lung cancer [4, 5, 7, 25-28]. The prognostic value of serum ApoA-I has been previously investigated, and the results of different studies confirmed that increased ApoA-I is a favorable factor in ovarian cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal cancer and mCRC for OS. A recent retrospective study reported that low serum ApoA-I levels were associated with advanced T class and TNM stage and systemic inflammation biomarkers in CRC. All of these findings indicate that serum ApoA-I may participate in multiple processes in the occurrence and development of cancers [19, 20, 29-31].
On the other hand, ApoB is known as a carrier that ships lipids, including cholesterols and triglycerides, into extrahepatic tissues. In a large-scale prospective cohort study, the investigators found that high circulating ApoB could increase the risk of CRC in men but reduce the risk of breast cancer in women. Furthermore, elevated blood ApoB can result in increased prevalence rates of CRC and lung cancer [4, 5, 32]. A high ApoB/ApoA-I was defined as a risk factor for atherosclerosis, hypertension and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) [33]. Only one study confirmed that a low ApoB/ApoA-I were favorable prognostic factors in CRC. The conclusion of this research was based on a small sample size, and most of the patients were diagnosed with early colorectal carcinoma. Only 19 CRC patients had distant metastasis [20]. The independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I in mCRC remains unknown. Therefore, we examined a large cohort of 838 patients and confirmed the independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I in mCRC patients.
Numerous studies have indicated that ApoA-I and ApoB play a non-negligible role in malignancies, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. Accumulating investigations revealed the potential mechanisms of these phenomena as follows: 1) According to several studies, ApoA-I is negatively associated with tumor-induced systemic inflammation, while elevated ApoB indicates a higher systemic inflammatory marker. Furthermore, a high ApoB/ApoA-I, which is considered atherogenic, may contribute to tumor necrosis[34, 35]; 2) A research group found that ApoA-I and its mimetic peptides can reduce the viability and proliferation of ovarian carcinoma cells in vivo and in vitro[36]; 3) Additionally, some studies indicated that apolipoprotein can initiate cellular signal transduction and promote antitumor drug delivery[14, 37, 38]; 4) In several studies, ApoA-I potently suppressed tumor growth and metastasis by both innate and adaptive immune processes[12, 13, 39, 40].
The advantages of our study are described below. First, our study enrolled a large cohort of 838 CRC patients, and all the patients were diagnosed with mCRC. Second, we randomly assigned the patients into the training cohort and the validation cohort. To avoid a potential statistical bias, we also identified the independent prognostic value in a PSM cohort. The independent prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I on OS in mCRC was confirmed in all three cohorts. We also validated our main findings and conclusions with an independent cohort. Third, we explored the prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I and the LDL-C to HDL-C ratio (LHR) at the same time. The ApoB/ApoA-I was identified as an independent prognostic factor in all three cohorts, while LHR was identified as an independent prognostic factor in the training cohort only. However, there were several limitations to this study. First, all the patients were from a single cancer center, and all the patients were Chinese. The conclusion may not be suitable for Western populations. Second, the exact mechanism by which the ApoB/ApoA-I affects prognosis remains unknown. Third, although we used propensity score matching to reduce the imbalance in the baseline clinical variables, a selection bias might not have been completely avoided because of the retrospective nature of this research.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the serum ApoB/ApoA-I is an independent prognostic factor for OS in mCRC patients. The prognostic value of the ApoB/ApoA-I should be further validated in a larger prospective and multicenter study.
Abbreviations
ApoA-I: apolipoprotein A-I; ApoB: apolipoprotein B; ApoB to ApoA-I ratio: ApoB/ApoA-I; mCRC: metastatic colorectal cancer; ROC: receiver operating characteristic; PSM: propensity score matching; OS: overall survival; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; MDT: multidisciplinary treatment; EMR: electronic medical record; IQR: interquartile range; ECOG PS score: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status score; CEA: serum carcinoembryonic antigen; CA19-9: carbohydrate antigen 19-9; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C/HDL-C: LDL-C to HDL-C ratio.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81572392, 31501069, 81872011), Tip-top Scientific and Technical Innovative Youth Talents of Guangdong special support program (2016TQ03R614), the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFC1313300, 2016YFC1201704, 2017YFC1308900), Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A0303130282, 2018B030306049, 2017A030313485, 2014A030312015), Science and Technology Program of Guangdong (2015B020232008), China postdoctoral science foundation (2018M643301,2018M643340), Health & Medical Collaborative Innovation Program of Guangzhou (201904020046, 201803040019, 201704020228) and Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams (2017ZT07S096).
Competing Interests
The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
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Dong-Dong Yang1,*; Zhan-Hong Chen1,2*; De-Shen Wang1*; Hong-En Yu1; Jia-Huan Lu1; Rui-Hua Xu1; Zhao-Lei Zeng1
1. Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dong fengdong Road, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
2. Department of Medical Oncology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Liver Disease, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
*These authors contributed equally to this work.
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