Cytotoxic Indole-Diterpenoids from the Marine-Derived Fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28

Abstract

Four new indole-diterpenoids, named penerpenes K-N (1–4), along with twelve known ones (5–16), were isolated from the fermentation broth produced by adding L-tryptophan to the culture medium of the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated extensively by 1D and 2D NMR, HRESIMS data spectroscopic analyses and ECD calculations. Compound 4 represents the second example of paxilline-type indole diterpene bearing a 1,3-dioxepane ring. Three compounds (4, 9, and 15) were cytotoxic to cancer cell lines, of which compound 9 was the most active and showed cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell line BeL-7402 with an IC₅₀ value of 5.3 μM. Moreover, six compounds (5, 7, 10, 12, 14, and 15) showed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633.

1. Introduction

Marine fungi have formed different metabolic pathways and adaptation mechanisms within the peculiar marine environment. Hence, marine fungi can produce natural secondary metabolites that are characterized by unique chemical structures and high biological activities [1,2]. Alkaloids derived from marine-derived compounds have received extensive attention in recent years. Indole alkaloids, as an important class of secondary metabolites produced by marine-derived fungi [3], showed excellent biological activities, including cytotoxic [4], antibacterial [5], quorum sensing inhibitory [6], anti-Zika virus [7], and protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitory activities [8,9].

Marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28 was isolated and identified from bivalve shellfish, Meretrix lusoria, collected from Haikou Bay, China. Our previous study on the secondary metabolites of this fungus discovered a series of indole alkaloids with novel structures and intriguing bioactivities, e.g., protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitory activity [8,9]. The OSMAC (one strain, many compounds) approach is highly efficient for inducing structural diversity by the variation of cultivation conditions [10]. Most of the indole alkaloids precursors are related to L-tryptophan [11]. To find more new alkaloids from marine fungi, adding amino acids to the culture media is becoming a viable strategy [12,13]. In order to explore the metabolic potential of the fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28, we recultured this fungus by adding L-tryptophan to the solid rice culture and found that the HPLC profiles of the extract are different from that of the first time obtained from the liquid medium. Later chemical investigation of the fermentation broth led to the isolation of four new indole-diterpenoids, penpenes K-N (1–4), along with 12 known ones, including paxilline (5) [14], dehydroxypaxilline (6) [15], 7-hydroxyl-13-dehydroxypaxilline (7) [16], 3-deoxo-4b-deoxypaxilline (8) [17], epipaxilline (9) [18], 7-hydroxypaxilline-13-ene (10) [19], paspaline (11) [20], 4a-demethylpaspaline-4a-carboxylic acid (12) [17], paspalinine (13) [21], PC-M6 (14) [22], emindole SB (15) [23], emeniveol (16) [24] (Figure 1). Herein, the isolation, structure elucidation, and bioactivities of these compounds are reported.

2. Results and Discussions

2.1. Structure Elucidation

Compound 1 was obtained as a yellow oil. Its formula was determined as C₂₈H₃₉NO₃ on the basis of HRESIMS data (m/z 476.2565 for [M+K]⁺), indicating ten degrees of unsaturation. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR data of 1, with the aid of its HSQC spectrum (Supplementary Materials, Figures S1–S4), showed a total of 28 carbon signals comprising eight olefinic or aromatic carbons (four protonated) for a 2,3-disubstituted indole moiety, four methyls, eight sp³ methylenes with one oxygenated, four sp³ methines with two oxygenated, and four non-protonated sp³ carbons with one oxygenated. These NMR data allowed the construction of the carbon skeleton of indole-diterpenoid. Careful contrast of the similar NMR spectral data between 1 and paspaline (11) [20] revealed that they had the same planar structure except that the methyl group at C-12 (δ_C 36.6) in paspaline was oxidized to oxymethylene in 1. Consistent with the introduction of the hydroxyl at C-30 (δ_C 58.5), it showed a distinctive deshielding of the C-12 signal (δ_C 48.8) in 1 compared to those of paspaline (δ_C 36.6). The linkage of a hydroxyl at C-30 was further supported by the COSY correlation of 30-OH/H₂-30 (Figure 2; Supplementary Material, Figure S8) and ROESY correlation of H₃-26/H₂-30 (Supplementary Material, Figure S9). Detailed analysis of 2D NMR data further confirmed that 1 and paspaline share the same indole-diterpenoid skeleton. The relative configuration of 6/6/6 tricyclic rings in indole-diterpenoid were determined by the ROESY spectrum (Figure 3), in which the sequential correlations of H-16/H₃-26/H₂-30/H-10β/H₃-28 suggested the same face of H-16, CH₃-26, CH₂-30, and C-27 in the 6/6/6 tricyclic ring system, while the correlations of H₃-25/H-13/H-7/H-9 suggested CH₃-25, H-13, H-7, and H-9 were on the opposite face of this system. It has been reported that the strong Cotton effect (CE) around 220 nm was related to the absolute configurations of the chiral carbons around the indole chromophore in the paxilline-type indole-diterpene [17]. Thus, the strong negative CE at 223 nm in the experimental ECD spectrum of 1 (Figure 4) suggested its (3S,4S,7S,9S,12S,13R,16S)-1 absolute configuration [17]. As for the absolute configuration of 1, the ECD spectrum of (3S,4S,7S,9S,12S,13R,16S)-1 was calculated; this deduction was further supported, establishing the absolute configuration of 1 as presented in Figure 1.

Compound 2 was isolated as a yellow oil. Its formula was determined as C₂₇H₃₅NO₄ on the basis of HRESIMS data, indicating 11 degrees of unsaturation. Its ¹³C NMR data showed a total of 27 carbon signals comprising eight aromatic or olefinic carbons for an indole moiety, four methyls, six sp³ methylenes, four sp³ methines with two oxygenated, and five non-protonated sp³ carbons with three oxygenated. Analysis of the NMR spectra (Table 1 and Table 2, Supplementary Materials, Figures S12–S18) of 2 suggested that its structure was related to that of 4a-demethylpaspaline-3,4,4a-triol [17], and the main difference being C-9 (δ_C 109.8), C-11 (δ_C 43.7), and C-12 (δ_C 84.6) in 2 instead of C-9 (δ_C 82.6), C-11 (δ_C 73.5), and C-12 (δ_C 76.1) in 4a-demethylpaspaline-3,4,4a-triol, indicating the replacement of two oxygenated carbons by a methylene (C-11) and an acetal carbon (C-9) in 2. The HMBC correlations (Supplementary Material, Figure S16) from H-11, H-7, H-29, and H-28 to C-9 confirmed this deduction. The presence of an indole moiety, together with the HRESIMS data (Supplementary Material, Figure S19), indicated that 2 has a heptacyclic ring system. At this point, one more ring was required to fulfill the 11 double-bond equivalents, and an oxygen bridge was proposed according to the molecular formula. The oxygen bridge was assigned to connect C-9 and C-12 as deduced from distinctive deshielding of the C-12 (δ_C 84.6) and C-9 (δ_C 109.8) in 2 compared to corresponding C-12 (δ_C 76.1) and C-9(δ_C 96.4-96.5) [25,26] with a free hydroxyl group. In the ROESY spectrum (Supplementary Material, Figure S18), correlations of H-16/H₃-26/H-5β, and H-5α/H₃-25/H-13/H-7/H-10/H₃-28 determined the relative configuration of 2, as shown in Figure 3. In addition, the β orientation of the oxygen bridge was also proved by the ROESY correlation of H-7/H₂-11 with the aid of the 3D ball-and-stick molecular model. Thus, the planar structure of compound 2 was established and named penerpene L. The ECD curve (Figure 4) of compound 2 is similar to 1, indicating that the absolute configurations for the chiral carbons C-3, C-4, C-16, and C-13 in 1 were the same as those of 2. The ECD calculation experiment also confirmed the above deduction (Figure 4), establishing the (3S,4S,7S,9S,10R,12R,13R,16S)-2 absolute configuration.

Compound 3 was assigned the molecular formula of C₂₈H₄₁NO₂ by HRESIMS, indicating nine degrees of unsaturation. The ¹H NMR spectrum (Supplementary Material, Figure S21) displayed the typical pattern of a 3-substituted indole moiety with five aromatic protons at δ_H 7.04 (s, H-2), 7.30 (d, J = 8.0, H-7), 6.93 (t, J = 7.6, H-5), 7.02 (t, J = 7.6, H-6) and 7.55 (d, J = 8.0, H-4), as well as one clear olefinic proton at δ_H 5.05 (t, H-21), one oxygenated proton δ_H 3.27 (1H, H-17), and five methyls at δ_H 1.62 (s, 24-Me), 1.55 (s, 23-Me), 0.62 (s, 27-Me), 1.11 (s, 26-Me), 0.94 (s, 25-Me). The ¹³C NMR data of 3 (Supplementary Materials, Figures S22 and S23) displayed 28 carbon signals, including ten aromatic or olefinic carbons (six protonated), five methyls, seven sp³ methylenes, three sp³ methines with one oxygenated, three non-protonated sp³ carbons with one oxygenated. These NMR spectra data indicated that 3 was very similar to emeniveol (16) [24] except that a methyl in C-26 (δ_C/H 16.3/1.11) and an oxygenated non-protonated sp³ carbon C-14 (δ_C 76.4) in 3 replaced two olefinic carbons in emeniveol, suggesting that the exocyclic double bond in emeniveol changed to a methyl and an oxygenated non-protonated sp³ carbon. This obvious difference was supported by the HMBC correlations (Supplementary Material, Figure S25) from the H₃-26 to C-14, C-13 (δ_C 42.0) and C-9 (δ_C 42.9). The relative configuration of 3 was determined by the ROESY spectrum (Figure 3), and the correlations of 14-OH/H₃-25/H₃-27/17-OH and H-9/H₃-25 suggested the same face of these protons, while the correlation of H-12/H-17 indicated that these protons were on the opposite face to 17-OH. Thus, the planar structure of 3 was assigned, as shown in Figure 1. The absolute configuration of 3 was established as (9S,12S,13S,14S,17S,18S)-3 by comparison of its experimental ECD spectrum with the calculated ECD curves (Figure 4).

The molecular formula of compound 4 was established as C₂₇H₃₃NO₄ on the basis of HRESIMS data, indicating 12 degrees of unsaturation. Analysis of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra (Table 1 and Table 2, Supplementary Materials, Figures S30 and S31) of 4 suggested that its structure was closely related to that of penerpene G [9], a previously reported indole diterpene with an unusual 6/5/5/6/6/7 hexacyclic ring system bearing a 1,3-dioxepane ring. The main difference between them was the replacement of an oxygenated non-protonated sp³ carbon C-14 (δ_C 78.3) in penerpene G by that of a sp³ methine (δ_C 42.8) in 4. This assignment was confirmed by HMBC (Figure 2) correlations from H-12 (δ_H 5.54) and H-27 (δ_H 0.82) to C-14 and the COSY correction of H-14/H-15. The ROESY corrections (Figure 3) of H₃-27/H-17/H-16β and H-16α/H₃-26/H-14/H-7/H-9 assigned the same relative configuration of 4 as that of penerpene G. The ECD curves of compound 4 (Supplementary Material, Figure S43) are similar to that reported for penerpene G, containing strong positive CEs at a shorter wavelength (219 nm in 4 and 220 nm in penerpene G) and strong negative CEs at a longer wavelength (238 nm in 4 and 234 nm in penerpene G), leading to the determination of the absolute configuration of 4 as (3S,4S,7S,9S,14R,17S)-4.

2.2. Biological Assay

The cytotoxic activities of compounds 1–16 were conducted by the MTT assay method [27] using cisplatin as the positive control. All compounds were tested against the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa, human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901, human lung carcinoma cell line A549, and human liver cancer cell line BeL-7402. The results (Table 3) indicated that compound 9 exhibited the most pronounced activity against BeL-7402 with an IC₅₀ value of 5.3 μM and was comparable to that of positive control cisplatin (IC₅₀ 4.1 μM). Compound 9 also displayed moderate cytotoxic activity against A549. While compounds 4 showed low cytotoxicity against HeLa. Compound 15 displayed mild inhibitory activity against HeLa, A549, and BeL-7402 (IC₅₀ = 24.4–40.6 μM). The remaining compounds were found to be inactive against the three cell lines. All the tested compounds 1–16 were inactive against the cell line SGC-7901. The loss of a hydroxyl at C-14 suggested being a determinant of cytotoxicity shown by compound 4 against HeLa (4 vs. penerpene G [9]). It is worth mentioning that it was the first-time report of the cytotoxicity of epipaxilline (9) [18]. Arintari et al. [19] and Sallam et al. [28] demonstrated the cytotoxicities of emindole SB (15) against human breast cell line MCF-7, murine lymphoma cell line L5178Y, and the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK-293, which provides emindole SB (15) a meaningful pharmacophore for further biological studies.

Compounds 1–16 were also tested for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 1911, and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 using the 96-well microtiter plates method [29] reported previously and using ampicillin as a positive control. The results (Table 4) revealed that six compounds 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, and 15 showed moderate inhibitory activity against S. aureus ATCC 6538. Emindole SB (15) displayed reported selectivity toward S. aureus ATCC 33591 (MIC = 6.25 μg/mL) [21]. Compound 7 showed reasonable antibacterial activity against B. subtilis ATCC 6633 (MIC = 16 μg/mL), but compounds 5, 10, and 12 exhibited lower inhibitory. The results of the rest ten compounds (1–4, 6, 8–9, 11, 13, and 16) did not show remarkable antibacterial activities (MIC > 128 µg/mL) against S. aureus and B. subtilis. In this assay, none of these compounds showed inhibitory activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 1911 (MIC > 128 µg/mL).

3. Experimental

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AV-500 and Bruker AV-600 spectrometers (Bruker, Bremen, Germany) with TMS as an internal standard. The mass spectrometric (HRESIMS) data were acquired using an API QSTAR Pulsar mass spectrometer (Bruker, Bremen, Germany) and an AB SCIEX Trip TOF 5600+ mass spectrometer (SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). Optical rotations were measured with a JASCO P-1020 digital polarimeter (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). IR spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV2550 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Kyoto, Japan). UV spectra and ECD data were collected using a JASCO J-715 spectropolarimeter (Jasco, Tokyo, Japan). Semipreparative HPLC was carried out using an ODS column (YMC-pack ODS-A, 10 × 250 mm, 5 μm, 4 mL/min, YMC, Kyoto, Japan).

3.2. Fungus Material

The fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28 (GenBank accession No. MK934323) was isolated from a bivalve mollusk, Meretrix lusoria, collected from Haikou Bay, Hainan province, in China. A reference culture of Penicillium sp. KFD28 is deposited in our laboratory and maintained at −80 °C.

3.3. Culture Conditions

The fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28 was cultured in 200 × 1000 mL Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 g rice and 100 mL of water (33 g sea salt, 5 g L-tryptophan per liter pure water). The fungus was cultured in the medium and incubated at room temperature for thirty days.

3.4. Extraction and Isolation

The fermented material was extracted three times with EtOAc to obtain 300 g crude extract. The extract was extracted between petroleum ether and 90% methanol (1:1) to remove the oil. The secondary metabolites extract (46 g) was subjected to a silica gel VLC column, eluting with a stepwise gradient of petroleum ether-EtOAc (10:1, 8:1, 6:1, 4:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, v/v) to yield ten subfractions (Fr. 1–Fr. 10).

Fr. 3 (4.2 g) was applied to ODS silica gel with gradient elution of MeOH-H₂O (1:4, 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3, 4:1, 9:1, 0:1, v/v) and afforded nine subfractions (Fr. 3-1–Fr. 3-9). Fr. 3-9 (182 mg) was applied to semipreparative HPLC (YMC-pack ODS-A, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 85% MeOH/H₂O; 4 mL/min) to obtain compounds 16 (t_R 20.0 min, 1.0 mg), 11 (t_R 23.0 min, 9.7 mg), and 8 (t_R 32.0 min, 20.8 mg). Fr. 5 (3.8 g) was applied to ODS silica gel with gradient elution of MeOH-H₂O (1:9, 1:4, 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3, 4:1, 9:1, 0:1, v/v) to get ten subfractions. Fr. 5-10 (323 mg) was purified by semipreparative HPLC (YMC-pack ODS-A, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 80% MeOH/H₂O; 4 mL/min) to give compound 15 (t_R 28.5 min, 53.4 mg). Fr. 6 (5.1 g) was separated by ODS silica gel with gradient elution of MeOH-H₂O (1:9, 1:4, 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3, 4:1, 9:1, 0:1, v/v) to yield ten subfractions (Fr. 6-1–Fr. 6-10). Fr. 6-10 (1.1 g) was subjected to semipreparative HPLC (YMC-pack ODS-A, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 65% MeCN/H₂O; 4 mL/min) to give compounds 5 (t_R 11.5 min, 182.6 mg) and 6 (t_R 18.0 min, 25.8 mg). Fr. 7 (4.7 g) was applied to ODS silica gel with gradient elution of MeOH-H₂O (1:9, 1:4, 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3, 4:1, 9:1, 0:1, v/v), ten subfractions (Fr. 7-1–7-10) were obtained. Fr. 7-7 (587 mg) was eluted with MeCN-H₂O through ODS silica gel (3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3, v/v) to afford five subfractions (Fr. 7-7-1–7-7-5). Fr. 7-7-4 (117 mg) was separated by semipreparative HPLC (YMC-pack ODS-A, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 70% MeCN/H₂O; 4 mL/min) to give compounds 2 (t_R 8.6 min, 0.6 mg), 3 (t_R 9.4 min, 1.8 mg), 1 (t_R 10.4 min, 2.0 mg), 13 (t_R 11.6 min, 0.6 mg), 14 (t_R 13.5 min, 9.9 mg), and 7 (t_R 22.0 min, 8.1 mg). Fr. 7-7-5 (137 mg) was applied to semipreparative HPLC (YMC-pack ODS-A, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 70% MeOH/H₂O; 4 mL/min) to get compounds 9 (t_R 14.0 min, 2.0 mg) and 10 (t_R 18.4min, 3.4 mg). Fr. 8 (5.8 g) was subjected to ODS silica gel with gradient elution of MeOH-H₂O (1:4, 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, 7:3, 4:1, 9:1, 0:1, v/v) to get nine subfractions. Then, Fr. 8-7 (925 mg) was eluted through ODS silica gel column of MeCN-H₂O (1:4, 3:7, 2:3, 1:1, 3:2, v/v) to get five subfractions (Fr. 8-7-1–8-7-5). Fr. 8-7-5 (29 mg) was separated by a semipreparative HPLC (YMC-pack ODS-A, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 60% MeCN/H₂O; 4 mL/min) to yield compound 4 (t_R 13.0 min, 2.2 mg). Fr. 8-9 (812 mg) was eluted by a semipreparative HPLC (YMC-pack ODS-A, 5 μm; 10 × 250 mm; 80% MeOH/H₂O; 4 mL/min) to afford compound 12 (t_R 30.0 min, 157.9 mg).

Penerpene K (1): Yellow oil; ${\left[\mathsf{\alpha }\right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$−23.0 (c 0.01, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λ_max (logε): 231 (3.41), 280 (2.77) nm; ECD (0.38 mM, MeOH) λ_max (∆ε): 204 (2.46), 223 (−6.08), 255 (2.89); 294 (−0.62) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max: 3412, 2933, 1640, 1606, 1458, 1382, 1307, 1257, 1212, 1160, and 1088 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data, Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 476.2565 ([M+K]⁺ calcd 476.2562).

Penerpene L (2): Yellow oil; ${\left[\mathsf{\alpha }\right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$−22.0 (c 0.01, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λ_max (logε): 231 (3.15), 282 (2.41) nm; ECD (1.10 mM, MeOH) λ_max (∆ε): 203 (0.14), 224 (−1.63), 260 (0.58), 292 (−0.08), 330 (0.24) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max: 3411, 2935, 1645, 1604, 1452, 1381, 1307, 1256, 1158, 1074, and 1018 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data, Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 476.2210 ([M+K]⁺ calcd 476.2198).

Penerpene M (3): White powder; ${\left[\mathsf{\alpha }\right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$+15.0 (c 0.01, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λ_max (logε): 226 (2.84), 261 (2.32) nm; ECD (1.15 mM, MeOH) λ_max (∆ε): 198 (1.32), 202 (−1.27), 221 (−0.92), 263 (0.94) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max: 3383, 2931, 1648, 1609, 1575, 1357, 1316, 1257, 1208, 1160, 1118, and 1044 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data, Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 446.3020 ([M+Na]⁺ calcd 446.3030).

Penerpene N (4): Yellow oil; ${\left[\mathsf{\alpha }\right]}_{\mathrm{D}}^{25}$+21.0 (c 0.01, MeOH); UV (MeOH) λ_max (logε): 231 (3.05), 277 (2.44) nm; ECD (0.77mM, MeOH) λ_max (∆ε): 197 (−3.23), 219 (4.27), 238 (−6.39), 257 (3.21) nm; IR (KBr) ν_max: 3415, 2937, 1641, 1408, 1110, 1408, 1110, 1042, 922, 852, 688, and 565 cm⁻¹; ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data, Table 1 and Table 2; HRESIMS m/z 434.2338 ([M-H]^‒ calcd 434.2331).

4. Conclusions

To summarize, based on the OSMAC culture strategy, four new indole-diterpenoids were isolated from the marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28 secondary metabolites. The absolute configurations of new compounds 1–3 were determined by spectroscopic methods coupled with experimental and calculated ECD. New compound 4 showed mild cytotoxicity against the human cervical cancer cell line HeLa. Notably, compound 9 exhibited strong cytotoxic activity against the human liver cancer cell line BeL-7402 with IC₅₀ values of 5.3 μM, indicating that compound 9 deserves further study for its therapeutic potential to develop new anti-hepatoma drugs. Compound 7 showed pronounced antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis with MIC values of 16 μg/mL, which had the potential to become an antibiotic. However, the mechanisms causing cytotoxicity and bacteria restraint were unknown and require further study. In general, this study expanded the application of the OSMAC method to increase the chemical and biological diversity of natural products isolated from the Penicillium sp. KFD28.

Author Contributions

L.-T.D. contributed to fungal fermentation, compounds purification, and structural elucidation. L.Y. and F.-D.K. were responsible for chemical computation and preparation of the paper. Q.-Y.M. and Q.-Y.X. contributed to the bioassays and identified the fungal strain. H.-F.D. revised the paper. Z.-F.Y. and Y.-X.Z. designed the work and revised the paper. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province (2019CXTD411), Financial Fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, P.R. of China (NFZX2021), China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA (CARS-21), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund for Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (1630052017002, 1630052021019).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figures and Tables

Figure 1. The chemical structures of compounds 1–16.

Figure 2. Key COSY and HMBC correlations of compounds 1–4.

Figure 3. Key ROESY correlations of compounds 1–4.

Figure 4. Experimental and calculated ECD curves for compound 1 (A); compound 2 (B); compound 3 (C).

Table 1

¹H NMR (500 and 600 MHz) data of 1–4 in DMSO-d₆.

Position	1	2	3	4
	δH (J in Hz)	δH (J in Hz)	δH (J in Hz)	δH (J in Hz)
2			7.04 (1H, s)
4			7.55 (1H, d, 8.0)
5	1.92 (1H, m)	1.88 (1H, overlap)	6.93 (1H, t, 8.0)	2.01 (1H, m)
	1.80 (1H, m)	1.60 (1H, overlap)		1.94 (1H, m)
6	1.51 (1H, m)	1.90 (1H, m)	7.02 (1H, t, 8.0)	1.72 (1H, overlap)
	1.62 (1H, overlap)	1.48 (1H, m)		2.20 (1H, m)
7	3.03 (1H, dd, 12.1, 3.8)	3.49 (1H, dd, 9.7, 7.0)	7.30 (1H, d, 8.0)	4.46 (1H, m)
8			2.07 (1H, m)
			3.15 (1H, d, 13.3)
9	3.10 (1H, dd, 12.0, 2.7)		1.81 (1H, m)	5.05 (1H, s)
10	1.41 (1H, m)	4.04 (1H, dd, 2.1, 6.7)	1.10 (1H, m)
	1.62 (1H, overlap)		1.65 (1H, m)
11	1.74 (1H, m)	1.88 (1H, overlap)	1.26 (2H, m)
	1.69 (1H, s)	1.70 (1H, m)
12			1.81 (1H, m)	5.54 (1H, s)
13	1.39 (1H, m)	2.06 (1H, dd, 12.7, 3.1)
14	0.83 (1H, m)	1.74 (1H, m)		2.55 (1H, m)
	2.35 (1H, m)	1.64 (1H, m)
15	1.44 (1H, m)	1.78 (1H, m)	1.42 (2H, overlap)	1.53 (1H, m)
	1.62 (1H, m)	1.60 (1H, overlap)		1.62 (1H, overlap)
16	2.61 (1H, m)	2.86 (1H, m)	1.24 (1H, overlap)	1.72 (1H, overlap)
			1.54 (1H, m)	1.62 (1H, overlap)
17	2.54 (1H, m)	2.61 (1H, m)	3.27 (1H, m)	2.68 (1H, m)
	2.21 (1H, dd, 12.3, 10.9)	2.29 (1H, dd, 11.2, 12.6)
18				2.33 (1H, m)
				2.61 (1H, m)
19			1.02 (1H, m)
			1.47 (1H, m)
20	7.27 (1H, d, 7.5)	7.27 (1H, d, 7.5)	1.84 (2H, m)
21	6.91 (1H, t, 7.5)	6.90 (1H, m)	5.05 (1H, t, 7.6)	7.27 (1H, m)
22	6.91 (1H, t, 7.5)	6.94 (1H, m)		6.92 (1H, t, 7.9)
23	7.24 (1H, d, 7.5)	7.26 (1H, d, 7.5)	1.55 (3H, s)	6.96 (1H, t, 7.9)
24			1.62 (3H, s)	7.27 (1H, m)
25	0.94 (3H, s)	0.94 (3H, s)	0.94 (3H, s)
26	1.13 (3H, s)	1.17 (3H, s)	1.11 (3H, s)	1.01 (3H, s)
27			0.62 (3H, s)	0.82 (3H, s)
28	1.08 (3H, s)	1.26 (3H, s)
29	1.03 (3H, s)	1.24 (3H, s)		1.14 (3H, s)
30	3.69 (1H, m)			1.13 (3H, s)
	3.86 (1H, m)
1-NH	10.55 (1H, s)	10.68 (1H, s)	10.67 (1H, s)	10.72(1H, s)
14-OH			4.04 (1H, s)
17-OH			4.22 (1H, d, 4.8)
10-OH		4.88 (1H, s)
27-OH	4.16 (1H, s)
28-OH				4.77 (1H, s)
30-OH	4.07 (1H, s)

Compound 1 was measured with 500 MHz ¹H NMR. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 were measured with 600 MHz ¹H NMR.

Table 2

¹³C NMR (125 and 150 MHz) data of 1–4 in DMSO-d₆.

Position	1	2	3	4
	δC	δC	δC	δC
2	151.5, C	150.9, C	122.6, CH	150.2, C
3	52.9, C	50.8, C	114.4, C	42.5, C
3a			127.6, C
4	39.9, C	38.5, C	118.7, CH	50.0, C
5	32.7, CH2	30.6, CH2	117.9, CH	30.8, CH2
6	24.5, CH2	23.2, CH2	120.6, CH	30.0, CH2
7	85.2, CH	78.2, CH	111.2, CH	83.0, CH
7a			136.3, C
8			25.5, CH2
9	84.9, CH	109.8, C	42.9, CH	102.3, CH
10	25.7, CH2	73.1, CH	27.2, CH2
11	23.8, CH2	43.7, CH2	20.7, CH2	166.8, C
12	48.8, C	84.6, C	41.1, CH	113.1, CH
13	46.9, CH	38.8, CH	42.0, C	163.1, C
14	31.8, CH2	26.2, CH2	76.4, C	42.8, CH
15	21.3, CH2	25.2, CH2	29.9, CH2	25.6, CH2
16	49.0, CH	49.0, CH	28.5, CH2	23.9, CH2
17	27.3, CH2	27.1, CH2	71.5, CH	48.7, CH
18	116.1, C	115.9, C	40.6, C	26.9, CH2
19	124.6, C	124.4, C	37.0, CH2	115.8, C
20	117.8 CH	117.7, CH	21.2, CH2	124.3, C
21	118.6, CH	118.5, CH	125.3, CH	117.7, CH
22	119.3, CH	119.4, CH	129.8, C	118.5, CH
23	112.0, CH	111.9, CH	17.5, CH3	119.5, CH
24	140.4, C	140.1, C	25.6, CH3	111.9, CH
25	14.8, CH3	14.4, CH3	14.6, CH3	140.1, C
26	19.5, CH3	16.7, CH3	16.3, CH3	14.7, CH3
27	70.7, C	70.9, C	17.2, CH3	15.4, CH3
28	26.9, CH3	26.4, CH3		69.9, C
29	24.9, CH3	24.7, CH3		24.0, CH3
30	58.5, CH2			23.8, CH3

Compound 1 was measured with 125 MHz ¹³C NMR. Compounds 2, 3, and 4 were measured with 150 MHz ¹³C NMR.

Table 3

Cytotoxicity of compounds 4, 9, and 15.

Compound	IC50 (μM)
	HeLa	A549	BeL-7402
4	36.3	>50	>50
9	>50	28.4	5.3
15	33.1	24.4	40.6
Cisplatin a	8.6	4.5	4.1

^a Positive control.

Table 4

Antibacterial activities of compounds 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, and 15.

Compound	MIC(μg/mL)
	Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538	Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633
5	128	32
7	64	16
10	64	64
12	64	128
14	64	>128
15	32	>128
Ampicillin a	<1	<1

^a Positive control.

Supplementary Materials

The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/md19110613/s1, Figures S1–S38: 1D NMR, 2D NMR, IR, and HRESIMS spectra of the new compounds 1–4; Figure S39: the picture of strain Penicillium sp. KFD28; Figure S40: Separation flow chart of fungus Penicillium sp. KFD28 secondary metabolites extract; Figure S41: HPLC chromatograms of the EtOAc extracts monitored at wavelengths of 230 nm and 274 nm; Figure S42: HPLC chromatograms of the EtOAc extracts using Rice solid medium with L-tryptophan, and compounds 6, 12, 14, 8, and 11 monitored at wavelengths of 230 nm and 274 nm; Figure S43: ECD curve for compound 4 and computation section of compounds 1–3.

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