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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Cholemic nephropathy (CN) is a recognized cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients with severe hyperbilirubinemia (sHyb) and jaundice. Pathophysiological mechanisms of CN are not completely understood, but it seems caused both by direct toxicity of cholephiles and bile casts formation in nephrons enhanced by prolonged exposure to sHyb, particularly in the presence of promoting factors, as highlighted by a literature reviewed and by personal experience. The aim of our update is to retrace CN in its pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment, underlining the role of sHyb, promoting factors, and CN-AKI diagnostic criteria in the different clinical settings associated with this often-concealed disease. Our purpose is to focus on clinical manifestation of CN, exploring the possible transition to CKD. Cholemic nephropathy is an overlooked clinical entity that enters differential diagnosis with other causes of AKI. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential because renal injury could be fully reversible as rapidly as bilirubin levels are reduced. In conclusion, our proposal is to introduce an alert for considering CN in diagnostic and prognostic scores that include bilirubin and/or creatinine with acute renal involvement, with the aim of early diagnosis and treatment of sHyb to reduce the burden on renal outcome.

Details

Title
Cholemic Nephropathy as Cause of Acute and Chronic Kidney Disease. Update on an Under-Diagnosed Disease
Author
Tinti, Francesca 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Umbro, Ilaria 1 ; Mariadomenica D’Alessandro 2 ; Lai, Silvia 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Merli, Manuela 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Noce, Annalisa 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Nicola Di Daniele 4 ; Mazzaferro, Sandro 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Mitterhofer, Anna Paola 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Nephrology Unit, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (I.U.); [email protected] (S.L.); [email protected] (S.M.) 
 Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of General Surgery “P.Stefanini”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 
 Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 
 UOC of Internal Medicine—Center of Hypertension and Nephrology Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; [email protected] (A.N.); [email protected] (N.D.D.) 
 Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy 
First page
1200
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20751729
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2602103903
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.