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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

The livestock industry supports livelihood and nutritional security of at least 42% of people in the Southern African Development Community region. However, presence of animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease poses a major threat to the development of this industry. Samples collected from FMD outbreaks in Zambia during 2015–2020, comprising epithelial tissues samples (n = 47) and sera (n = 120), were analysed. FMD virus was serotyped in 26 samples, while 92 sera samples tested positive on NSP-ELISA. Phylogenetic analysis revealed notable changes in the epidemiology of FMD in Zambia, which included: (i) introduction of a novel FMDV SAT-3 (topotype II) causing FMD cases in cattle in Western Province; (ii) emergence of FMDV serotype O (topotype O/EA-2) in Central, Southern, Copperbelt, Western, Lusaka Provinces; and (iii) new outbreaks due to SAT -2 (topotypes I) in Eastern Zambia. Together, these data describe eight different epizootics that occurred in Zambia, four of which were outside the known FMD high-risk areas. This study highlights the complex epidemiology of FMD in Zambia, where the country represents an interface between East Africa (Pool 4) and Southern Africa (Pool 6). These changing viral dynamics have direct impacts on FMD vaccine selection in the SADC region.

Details

Title
Characterization of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Viruses in Zambia-Implications for the Epidemiology of the Disease in Southern Africa
Author
Banda, Frank 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Sinkala, Yona 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Mataa, Liywalli 2 ; Lebea, Phiyani 3 ; Sikombe, Tingiya 4 ; Kangwa, Henry L 4 ; Fana, Elliot M 5 ; Mokopasetso, Mokganedi 5 ; Wadsworth, Jemma 6 ; Knowles, Nick J 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; King, Donald P 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Quan, Melvyn 7   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (H.L.K.); Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; [email protected] 
 Department of Veterinary Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (L.M.) 
 Tokabio (Pty) Limited, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; [email protected] 
 Central Veterinary Research Institute, Lusaka 10101, Zambia; [email protected] (T.S.); [email protected] (H.L.K.) 
 Botswana Vaccine Institute, Lejara, Gaborone 5617, Botswana; [email protected] (E.M.F.); [email protected] (M.M.) 
 The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK; [email protected] (J.W.); [email protected] (N.J.K.); [email protected] (D.P.K.) 
 Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; [email protected] 
First page
2195
Publication year
2021
Publication date
2021
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
19994915
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2602211106
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.