Health care providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: A multicenter study

Abstract

Background

Prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to newborns is one of the basic components of perinatal care in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. As such, scientific evidence is compulsory for evidence-based practices. However, there was a scarcity of evidence on health care providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Ethiopia, particularly in the study setting.

Objective

The study aimed at assessing healthcare providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors among healthcare providers in northwest Ethiopia, 2021.

Methods

A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among 405 healthcare providers working in hospitals of Gondar province from November 15, 2020, to March 10, 2021. A simple random sampling technique was employed to select the study subjects. Data were collected via a structured-self-administered questionnaire. EPI INFO version 7.1.2 and SPSS version 25 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Binary logistic regression analyses were done to identify associated factors and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% confidence interval (CI) at a p-value of <0.05 was used to declare significant association.

Results

The healthcare providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was 40.7% (95% CI: 35.9, 45.6). Working in a tertiary hospital (AOR = 3.69; 95% CI: 2.24, 6.08), using COVID-19 guideline updates (AOR = 3.34; 95% CI: 2.1, 5.3), being trained on COVID-19 (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.74, 4.47), owning a smartphone and/or a computer (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.39, 3.68), and perceiving that COVID-19 is dangerous (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.01) were factors positively associated with healthcare providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the pandemic of COVID-19.

Conclusion

Only two in five healthcare providers were aware of recommendations on breastfeeding practice during the COVID-19 pandemic and related to information of accessibility information on COVID-19. Therefore, expanding COVID-19 related information through the provision of COVID-19 training and guidelines to all levels of hospitals would improve health care providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations amid the COVID-19 pandemic.

About the Authors:

Azmeraw Ambachew Kebede

Roles Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Birhan Tsegaw Taye

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia

ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2174-3797

Kindu Yinges Wondie

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing

* E-mail: [email protected]

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2769-0385

Agumas Eskezia Tiguh

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Getachew Azeze Eriku

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

Muhabaw Shumye Mihret

Roles Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Validation, Visualization, Writing – review & editing

Affiliation: Department of Clinical Midwifery, School of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia

ORCID logo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4595-5578

Introduction

The postnatal period is a critical time for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [1]. Despite the risk of COVID-19 transmission to the neonate, the benefits of breastfeeding and mother-baby interaction remains essential practice to prevent infection, and promote health and development [2, 3]. Initiation of exclusive breastfeeding within the first hour of birth and skin-to-skin contact with the proper application of preventive measures are integral elements of breastfeeding care during the COVID-19 pandemic [4–6]. Newborns will acquire SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory system corona virus-2) from their infected mothers, caregivers, and/or the environment [7], mainly through respiratory droplets [8]. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes breast milk as the best source of infant nutrition regardless of maternal COVID-19 status [4, 9, 10]. Studies have shown that breast milk from mothers infected with COVID-19 does not cause infection and there is no evidence that the virus is transmitted through breastfeeding [11, 12]. In fact, empirical evidence suggests that breastfeeding might protect the baby against COVID-19 infection even babies born to COVID-19 positive women [13–15], although the possibility of vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is inconclusive [16]. Hence, mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 status are strongly encouraged to initiate and continue breastfeeding and should be counseled that the benefit of breastfeeding outweighs the potential risks of transmission as long as there is no evidence of transmission of COVID-19 through breastfeeding [17, 18]. Similarly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) [8], the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) [6], Save the Children [5], and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) [19, 20] suggest breastfeeding for women with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 status.

The Chinese neonatal novel Coronavirus 2 Expert Group has proposed temporary isolation of newborns at risk for COVID19 [21]. But the latest WHO guidelines indicate that isolation of newborns and their mothers with actual COVID-19 or suspicious COVID19 is unnecessary [4]. Evidence affirmed that isolating newborns for the sake of COVID-19 prevention is harmful [9, 22–25]. As far as the mother is able to care for her baby [4, 26] and the newborn’s clinical condition warrants no admission [4, 8], the baby should stay with the mother practicing skin-to-skin contact, and rooming-in. If the mother is seriously ill and has difficulty directly breastfeeding her baby due to COVID-19 expressed breast milk can be given [25]. Other options like re-lactation, wet nursing, and breastfeeding from donors are safe [9, 25–27]. All women with confirmed or suspected COVID-19, and/or symptomatic women who choose to breastfeed should take appropriate precautions for hand, breast, and respiratory hygiene [4, 21]. Besides, the number of care providers with babies should be minimized [21, 28] and women whose newborns have suspected or confirmed COVID-19 should get breastfeeding counseling, basic psychosocial support, and practical feeding support [27].

Obviously, the COVID-19 pandemic is disrupting the usual life in all sectors all over the world. One of the highly affected COVID-19 affected sectors is maternity services, where there have been significant disruptions and changes in light of service provision. One of the key components of maternity service which require clear guideline for consistent practices across settings breastfeeding practice amid COVID-19 and these guidelines have been indeed prepared based on the best available evidence generated so far. So, generating representative and ongoing evidence remains a mainstay of a roadmap in this perspective [29, 30]. Empirical evidence showcases that there is non-evidence-based and dilemmatic breastfeeding practice in the era of COVID-19 pandemic in resource-limited countries [2]. In addition, healthcare providers may find themselves in ethically difficult situations as they may be going against recommended practices [3]. In this case, perinatal care providers must be familiar with the recommended guidelines and current evidence of global organizations to be able to provide practical, mother-sensitive, and person-centered support [31].

However, empirical evidence on HCP’s awareness of breastfeeding care during the pandemic of COVID-19 is scarce. A descriptive cross-sectional survey in India revealed that 54% of the participants were familiar with WHO recommendations for breastfeeding practices. On the other hand, 15% of participants were completely unaware of WHO’s recommendations for breastfeeding during the COVID-19 pandemic [32]. Another descriptive cross-sectional survey showed that 80% of nursing officers and 58% of medical officers knew that mothers with suspected or positive COVID-19 can give expressed breast milk for infants [33].

Although Ethiopian practice guidelines for childbirth care during the COVID-19 pandemic are in agreement with the WHO recommendations, there is little evidence regarding awareness of HCPs to breastfeeding practice recommendations during the pandemic of COVID-19 [34]. Thus, investigating HCPs’ awareness of WHO recommendations on breastfeeding practices is helpful to identify knowledge gaps and to take corrective actions for consistent implementation of the recommendations and prevention of COVID-19 transmission to neonates. Despite this fact, there was no literature in this regard in Ethiopia to date to the authors’ best knowledge. Having this evidence in mind, we conceive and conducted the current scientific study. Therefore, this study aimed at assessing the HCPs’ awareness of WHO’s recommendations on breastfeeding practice during the pandemic of COVID-19 and associated factors in hospitals of Gondar province, northwest Ethiopia.

Methods and materials

Study design, period, and settings

A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted in Gondar province hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia from November 15, 2020, to March 10, 2021. The Gondar province includes South Gondar, Central Gondar, West Gondar, and North Gondar administrative zones with an estimated 5,137,443 total population. There are 22 Governmental hospitals in the Gondar province (two comprehensive specialized hospitals, one general hospital, and 19 primary hospitals). These hospitals are serving a population of more than 10 million in the province and the surrounding administrative zones such as the North Wollo, Waghimra, and Wolkait-Tegede, and Setit-Humera.

Study population and inclusion criteria

All healthcare providers (i.e. midwives, medical doctors, and integrated emergency surgical officers) working at the maternity centers of the selected hospitals were the study population. Healthcare providers who were available during the data collection period and willing to participate were included.

Sample size determination and sampling procedure

The sample size was determined by using a single population proportion formula considering the following assumptions: 95% confidence level, 50% provider’s awareness regarding breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic (since there were no similar studies), and 5% margin of error.

. By considering a 10% non-response rate, a final sample size of 422 was obtained. Data were collected from 15 hospitals (two comprehensive specialized hospitals, one general hospital, and 12 primary hospitals). The sampling frame was designed after receiving the list of healthcare providers of each hospital. The total sample size was then proportionally allocated to each selected hospital based on the number of perinatal healthcare providers they have. Finally, a simple random sampling technique was used to choose the study subjects.

Variables of the study

Dependent variable.

Healthcare providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Independent variables.

Socio-demographic variables: age, sex, marital status, religion, educational level, possession of smartphones and/ or computers, watching television (TV), reading newspapers, and monthly income.

Workplace and profession-related variables: working experience, professional category, the type of the hospital, attending COVID-19 training, receiving essential newborn care training, and location of the hospital.

Measurements.

The awareness of HCPs to breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was measured as a composite of 10 questions having a “Yes” or “No” response. A score of “1” was given for “Yes” and a score of “0” was given for “No”. Consequently, a maximum of 10 and a minimum of 0 scores were obtained. After that, the mean value of the summative score was computed and determined (5.76). Using the mean awareness score as a cut-off point, HCPs who scored above the mean value were considered as being “aware” and those who scored just or below the mean score were considered as being “not aware”. Likewise, the HCPs’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was dichotomized as being aware (which was coded as “1”) and not aware (which was coded as “0”) [33].

Data collection tools, methods, and procedures

A structured questionnaire was prepared based on the WHO breastfeeding practice recommendations and related literature [4, 9, 10, 24, 25, 27]. A group of researchers has seen the suitability of the questionnaire and the alpha coefficient was used to measure the reliability of the tool, which became 0.803. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire comprises socio-demographic characteristics, professional and work-related characteristics, and questions assessing the healthcare providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 20 individuals have participated in the data collection and supervision process. That is 15 diploma and 5 BSc midwives.

Data quality control

Before the actual data collection, a pretest was conducted on 5% of the calculated sample size outside of the study area and data from the pretest was not included in the main study. A three days’ training was given on the overall data collection process and safety measures during the data collection. The questionnaire was checked for completeness by the principal investigator and the supervisors throughout the data collection process.

Data processing and analysis

Data were entered using EPI INFO version 7.1.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Frequency tables, texts, and graphs were used to present descriptive and analytic statistics. Numbers and percentages were used to describe categorical variables. The binary logistic regression (bivariable and multivariable) model was fitted. Variables with a p-value of < 0.25 in the bivariable regression were entered into the multivariable logistic regression analysis and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with its 95% CI and a p-value of ≤ 0.05 was used to declare a significant association with awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Multicollinearity assumption was checked and it was acceptable with a variance inflation factor of <10.

Ethical considerations

Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethical Review Board (IRB) of the University of Gondar (Reference number: V/P/RCS/05/413/2020) and a letter of permission for administrative approval was acquired from each selected hospital. Written informed consent was taken from each of the study participants after a clear explanation of the aim of the study was given.

Results

Socio-demographic characteristics

A total of 405 healthcare providers were included, with a 95.97% response rate. About two hundred seventy-one (66.9%) of the study participants were males and a greater number (59.5%) of HCPs were married. The mean age of the study participants was 28.4 years (SD ±4.7). The mean average monthly income of HCPs was 5862.6 (SD ±1948.5) Ethiopian Birr (ETB) (Table 1).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of healthcare providers in hospitals of Gondar province, 2021 (n = 405).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260762.t001

Workplace and profession-related characteristics

Of the total HCPs, two hundred forty-three (60%) were BSc midwifery professionals and 54.8% of them were working in urban hospitals. About two-thirds (65.4%) of them had more than three years of working experience (Table 2).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 2. Working place, profession, and COVID-19 related characteristics of study participants in hospitals of Gondar province, 2021 (n = 405).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260762.t002

Awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during COVID-19

The healthcare providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was 40.7% (95% CI: 35.9, 45.6). When HCPs were asked about the breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic, more than half (51.4%) knew that skin-to-skin contact is encouraged, but two-thirds (66.4%) of them did not know rooming-in is recommended. About 222 (54.8%) of HCPs knew that the benefit of breastfeeding outweighs its risk (Table 3).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 3. The WHO breastfeeding practice recommendations during COVID-19 pandemic in suspected or confirmed COVID-19 cases, Gondar province (n = 405).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260762.t003

Factors associated with healthcare providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic

Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that healthcare providers who were working in a tertiary hospital, had a smartphone and/or computer, perceiving that COVID-19 is dangerous, trained on COVID-19, and following the WHO and/or CDC COVID-19 updates were found to be significantly associated with HCPs’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

HCPs working in a tertiary hospital were 3.69 (AOR = 3.69; 95% CI: 2.24, 6.08) times more likely to be aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic than those HCPs working in a primary hospital. Besides, HCPs with a smartphone and/or computer were 2.26 times more likely to be aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic than HCPs without a smartphone and/or computer (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI: 1.39, 3.68).

Similarly, the odds of being aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was 1.78 (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.05, 3.01) times higher among HCPs who perceived that COVID-19 is dangerous compared with their counterparts. Moreover, HCPs who received COVID-19 training had 2.78 times more odds of awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations than the untrained counterparts (AOR = 2.78; 95% CI: 1.74, 4.47). Furthermore, the likelihood of awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was three times higher among HCPs who were regularly followed the WHO and CDC COVID-19 updates compared with that of those who did not so (AOR = 3.34; 95% CI: 2.10, 5.30) (Table 4).

[Figure omitted. See PDF.]

Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with healthcare providers’ awareness of the breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic in Gondar province, 2021 (n = 405).

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260762.t004

Discussion

Proper counseling to prevent COVID-19 in newborns and the implementation of precautions by health care providers are crucial components of perinatal care during the COVID-19 pandemic [7, 14]. In this context, the assessment of HCPs’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic plays a key role. Thus, this cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors among HCPs in Gondar province, Northwest Ethiopia. Accordingly, two-fifths of the HCPs were aware of the breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Working in a tertiary hospital, owning a smartphone and/or a computer, perceiving that COVID-19 is dangerous, being trained on COVID-19, and using the WHO and/or CDC COVID-19 updates were significant predictors of HCPs’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This study found that the HCPs’ awareness of the breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was 40.7%, which is lower than a report from India-54.1% [32]. The discrepancy might be due to differences in the study population. The Indian study was done among specialists such as pediatricians (85.1%), and obstetricians (14.9%). In contrast, the majority of our study participants were midwifery professionals and BSc degree holders. Specialists are top consultants in inpatient care, so better knowledge from specialists is expected. In this regard, it is highly recommended that all healthcare providers, regardless of education level, be aware of important breastfeeding recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, a higher awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 was identified in some of the questions by HCPs. Thus, nearly three-quarters (73.8%) of HCPs were aware of a mother with COVID-19 can give expressed breast milk if she is too ill to directly breastfeed her newborn. Because it is highly recommended that a woman can give her baby expressed breast milk even if she is too ill and unable to breastfeed directly [25]. Besides, about 73.1% of HCPs aware of breastfeeding should be initiated within one hour after delivery. As long as a woman can breastfeed her newborn, breastfeeding should be initiated within 30 to 60 minutes as usual regardless of the woman’s COVID-19 status. On the other hand, only a third (33.6%) and one-fifth (21%) of HCPs recognize rooming-in and the need for routine precaution for women suspected or confirmed COVID-19. This urges concerned bodies and health policymakers to provide updated information and arrange training opportunities for HCPs regarding breastfeeding practices during the COVID-19 pandemic regularly. This will help HCPs to strengthen their existing knowledge and fill the gaps that they have regarding cautions taken during breastfeeding, thereby preventing unnecessary actions taken.

This study revealed that HCPs working in the tertiary hospital were 3.8 times more likely to be aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with HCPs working in the primary hospital. The possible explanation might be that most of the tertiary hospitals in Ethiopia are University hospitals, usually are the center of excellence, where most training and research conferences take place.

Likewise, owning a smartphone and/or a computer was also found to be significantly affecting the HCPs’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hence, HCPs who had a smartphone and/or a computer were two times to be aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to those who did not own a smartphone and/or a computer. The possible reason might be that having a smartphone and/or computer at hand could increase access to social media utilization and organizational websites, which were found to increase HCPs’ knowledge so far [35]. The WHO released recommendation updates in the form of guidelines [7, 8], scientific brief [15], position statement [4], questions and answers [23], and news [25] for healthcare providers that can be accessed through the organizations’ website using the internet.

Similarly, the odds of being aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic were 1.8 times higher among HCPs who perceived that COVID-19 is dangerous than their counterparts. The possible explanation is that the more perceived risk of a disease one has, the better his enthusiasm would be to know about it. Attending COVID-19 training among HCPs who perceive that COVID-19 is dangerous and those who did not so was 75.2% and 24.8% respectively. Moreover, following the WHO and or CDC COVID-19 updates was 69.9% and 30.1% among those who perceive that COVID-19 is dangerous and those who did not respectively.

Moreover, taking a COVID-19 training was found to increase HCPs’ awareness of the breastfeeding practice recommendations. Thus, HCPs who had taken training on COVID-19 were 2.8 times to be aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic than their counterparts. This finding is supported by previous studies [35–40]. The COVID-19 training given by the Ethiopian public health institute was based on the national COVID-19 guideline for the management of pediatric patients during the COVID-19 pandemic which addresses the issue of breastfeeding and newborn care [41].

Furthermore, HCPs who were following the WHO and/or CDC COVID-19 guideline updates were 2.6 times more likely to be aware of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic as compared to their counterparts. The finding is supported by studies in Ethiopia [35, 42]. The WHO and CDC released guidelines, scientific briefs, and position papers on breastfeeding and care of newborn babies for healthcare providers [4, 9, 18, 26]. So that, HCPs who use these guidelines might be aware of the breastfeeding practice recommendations.

Limitations of the study

We are pleased to acknowledge some of the limitations of the current study. First, there was no previously standardized and validated tool to assess the HCPs’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic. As the area is not well studied, we didn’t find adequate studies to compare and contrast our findings with others, which made our discussion shallow. Second, due to the cross-sectional nature of the study design, inferring the cause-effect relationship between the dependent and independent variables might be impossible. Third, it is impossible to ensure the validity of the responses since the questionnaire was self-administered. However, the study participants were informed to fill the data honestly and their true response is crucial for the success of the study. Despite these limitations, our findings provide valuable information about HCPs’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion

The HCPs’ awareness of the breastfeeding practice recommendations during the COVID-19 pandemic was found to be low and it was positively associated with working in a tertiary hospital, following the WHO and/or CDC COVID-19 update, being trained on COVID-19, owning a smartphone, and/or a computer, and perceiving that COVID-19 is dangerous. A more rigorous update communication of practice recommendations on breastfeeding care among COVID-19 suspected and confirmed mother-baby dyads needs to be adopted through training especially towards lower-level HCPs.

Supporting information

S1 File. English version of the questionnaire.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260762.s001

(DOCX)

S2 File. SPSS dataset.

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260762.s002

(SAV)

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank the University of Gondar for providing study ethical clearance to conduct this study. Our gratitude also goes to all data collectors and study participants. We are glad to Hospitals in Gondar province for writing permission letter.

Citation: Kebede AA, Taye BT, Wondie KY, Tiguh AE, Eriku GA, Mihret MS (2021) Health care providers’ awareness of breastfeeding practice recommendations during COVID-19 pandemic and associated factors in Northwest Ethiopia, 2021: A multicenter study. PLoS ONE 16(12): e0260762. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260762

References

1. Rasmussen SA, Smulian JC, Lednicky JA, Wen TS, Jamieson DJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and pregnancy: what obstetricians need to know. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222(5):415–26. pmid:32105680

2. Semaan A, Audet C, Huysmans E, Afolabi B, Assarag B, Banke-Thomas A, et al. Voices from the frontline: findings from a thematic analysis of a rapid online global survey of maternal and newborn health professionals facing the COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ Glob Heal. 2020 Jun;5(6):e002967. pmid:32586891

3. Walker K, Green J, Petty J, Whiting L, Staff L, Bromley P, et al. Breastfeeding in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: A discussion paper. J Neonatal Nurs. 2021;(June). pmid:34366687

4. World Health Organization. COVID-19 Clinical management: A living guidance:25 January 2021. Geneva; 2020.

5. Save The Children. Johns Hopkins Centre for Humanitarian Health|Safely Fed Canada|UNICEF|for Every child:Infant feeding in the context of COVID-19: FAQs for frontline health & nutrition workers: updated, Apr 15 2020: 2020.

6. UNICEF, Global Nutrition Cluster GTAM for N (GTAM). Infant and Young Child Feeding in the Context of COVID-19: Brief No. 2 (v1), 30 March 2020. Vol. 2. 2020.

7. World Health Organisation. Definition and categorization of the timing of mother-to-child transmission of SARS-CoV-2:Geneva: World Health Organization: 7 February 2021 | COVID-19: Scientific briefs. Geneva;

8. CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation and Management Considerations for Neonates At Risk for COVID-19:Healthcare Workers:Updated Dec. 8, 2020. Vol. 2019. 2020. p. 2–5.

9. World Health Organisation Euro. Maternal and newborn health: COVID-19 and breastfeeding: Position paper, 8 April 2020. 2020.

10. World Health Organization. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Q&As: Breastfeeding: 7 May 2020|Q&A. Geneva; 2020.

11. Chambers C., Krogstad P., Bertrand K., Contreras D., Tobin N.H., Bode L, et al. Evaluation for SARS-CoV-2 in breast milk from 18 infected women. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;324(13):1347–1348. pmid:32822495

12. Yang N, Che S, Zhang J, Wang X, Tang Y, Wang J, et al. Breastfeeding of infants born to mothers with COVID-19: a rapid review. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(10):618–618. pmid:32566555

13. Dong Y., Chi X., Hai H., Sun L., Zhang M., Xie W.F., et al. Antibodies in the breast milk of a maternal woman with COVID-19. Emerg Microbes Infect. 2020;9(1):1467–1469. pmid:32552365

14. Pace RM, Williams JE, Järvinen KM, Belfort MB, Pace CDW, Lackey KA, et al. Characterization of sars-cov-2 rna, antibodies, and neutralizing capacity in milk produced by women with covid-19. MBio. 2021;12(1):1–11.

15. Lebrão CW, Cruz MN, Silva MH da, Dutra LV, Cristiani C, Affonso Fonseca FL, et al. Early Identification of IgA Anti-SARSCoV-2 in Milk of Mother With COVID-19 Infection. J Hum Lact. 2020;36(4):609–13. pmid:32985922

16. Kimberlin DW, Stagno S. Can SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be Acquired in Utero?: More Definitive Evidence Is Needed. JAMA—J Am Med Assoc. 2020 May;323(18):1788–9. pmid:32215579

17. WHO. New research highlights risks of separating newborns from mothers during COVID-19 pandemic: Keeping mothers and babies together could save more than 125 000 lives.

18. Irfan Omar, Ariff Shabina, Greenspan Leah, Niermeyer Susan, Klein Jonathan D., Anne Detjen ZA. Do no harm: Maternal, newborn and infant care during COVID-19: International Pediatric Association (IPA)/UNICEF scientific brief, June 2021. 2021.

19. Save the Children|Johns Hopkins Centre for Humanitarian Health|SafelyFed Canada|UNICEF. Protecting, promoting and supporting IYCF during the COVID-19 pandemic: reflections and recommendations Today ‘ s Webinar. 2020.

20. AAP|American Academy of Pediatrics. FAQs: Management of Infants Born to Mothers with Suspected or Confirmed COVID-19.

21. Wang L, Shi Y, Xiao T, Fu J, Feng X, Mu D, et al. Chinese expert consensus on the perinatal and neonatal management for the prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection (First edition). Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(3):47–47. pmid:32154287

22. UK|UNICEF. Baby friendly initiative statement on infant feeding during the COVID-19 outbreaks. 2021.

23. Stuebe A. Should Infants Be Separated from Mothers with COVID-19? First, Do No Harm. Breastfeed Med. 2020;15(8):E774–5. pmid:32271625

24. World Health Organization. Breastfeeding and COVID-19 Scientific brief, 23 June 2020/COVID-19. Geneva;

25. World Health Organization. Frequently asked questions: breastfeeding and COVID-19 for health care workers, 12 May 2020. Geneva;

26. Wyckoff AS. AAP issues guidance on infants born to mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19| American Academy of Pediatrics. AAP News. 2021. p. 23. pmid:34812146

27. WHO EMRO|News. Breastfeeding advice during the COVID-19 outbreak: Geneva;

28. RCM|Royal college of Midwives and the RCOG|Royal college of Obstetricians & Gynecologists. Coronavirus (COVID-19) Infection in Pregnancy:Information for healthcare professionals Version 11: Published Friday 24 July 2020. 2020;(July):1–68.

29. Green J, Petty J, Bromley P, Walker K, Jones L. COVID-19 in babies: Knowledge for neonatal care. J Neonatal Nurs. 2020 Oct;26(5):239. pmid:32837224

30. Green J., Jones L., Petty J., Bromley P., Fowler C., Walker K. COVID-19 and current knowledge for midwifery practice: Part 2- Impact and care of the baby. Br J Midwifery. 2021;29(5):286–93.

31. Ng YPM, Low YF, Goh XL, Fok D, Amin Z. Breastfeeding in COVID-19: A Pragmatic Approach. Am J Perinatol. 2020;37(13):1377–84. pmid:32898920

32. Malik S, Joshi P, Gupta P, Sharma S. Assessment of knowledge and opinion regarding breastfeeding practices during COVID-19 pandemic among paediatricians and obstetricians in India: an online survey. Sudan J Paediatr. 2021;21(1):30–5. pmid:33879940

33. Rajan AR, Vishal AK. Assessment of knowledge of healthcare workers in a service hospital regarding breastfeeding practices in mothers confirmed or suspected to have COVID-19. Indian J Child Health. 2020;7(11):437–40.

34. Maternal, Newborn, Child, Adolescent Health and Nutrition Directorate, Ministry of Health E. Guidelines for the management of Pediatric patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic | UNICEF Ethiopia.

35. Asemahagn MA. Factors determining the knowledge and prevention practice of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 in Amhara region, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional survey. Trop Med Heal 2020 481. 2020 Aug;48(1):1–11. pmid:32839649

36. CDC|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Evaluation and Management Considerations for Neonates At Risk for COVID-19:Healthcare Workers:Updated Dec. 8, 2020.

37. CDC|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Care for Breastfeeding People: Interim Guidance on Breastfeeding and Breast Milk Feeds in the Context of COVID-19 Updated June 17, 2021:

38. Cooper S, Wiyeh A, Schmidt BM WCC corner. factors that influence compliance by healthcare workers with infection prevention and control guidelines for COVID-19 and other respiratory infections. Pan African Med J. 2020;6(35):23.

39. Olum R, Chekwech G, Wekha G, Nassozi DR BF. Coronavirus Disease-2019: Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Health Care Workers at Makerere University Teaching Hospitals, Uganda. Front Public Heal. 2020;8(181).

40. Yazie TD, Sharew GB AW. Knowledge, attitude, and practice of healthcare professionals regarding infection prevention at Gondar University referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):563. pmid:31500659

41. Ministry of Health-Ethiopia. Guidelines for the management of pediatric patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. 2020;(May).

42. Walle Z, Berihun G, Keleb A, Teshome D, Berhanu L. COVID-19 Prevention Practices and Determinant Factors Among Healthcare Professionals Working in Hospitals of South Gondar Zone, Northwestern Ethiopia. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2021;Volume 14(June):2287–98. pmid:34456571