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© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family is an important bridge in the transduction of extracellular and intracellular signals in different responses at the cellular level. Within this MAPK family, the p38 kinases can be found altered in various diseases, including cancer, where these kinases play a fundamental role, sometimes with antagonistic mechanisms of action, depending on several factors. In fact, this family has an immense number of functionalities, many of them yet to be discovered in terms of regulation and action in different types of cancer, being directly involved in the response to cancer therapies. To date, three main groups of MAPKs have been identified in mammals: the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and the different isoforms of p38 (α, β, γ, δ). In this review, we highlight the mechanism of action of these kinases, taking into account their extensive regulation at the cellular level through various modifications and modulations, including a wide variety of microRNAs. We also analyze the importance of the different isoforms expressed in the different tissues and their possible role as biomarkers and molecular targets. In addition, we include the latest preclinical and clinical trials with different p38-related drugs that are ongoing with hopeful expectations in the present/future of developing precision medicine in cancer.

Details

Title
The p38 MAPK Components and Modulators as Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Cancer
Author
García-Hernández, Laura 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; García-Ortega, María Belén 2 ; Ruiz-Alcalá, Gloria 2 ; Carrillo, Esmeralda 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Marchal, Juan Antonio 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; García, María Ángel 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] 
 Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (M.B.G.-O.); [email protected] (G.R.-A.); [email protected] (E.C.); Instituto de Investigacioón Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; BioFab i3D-Biofabrication and 3D (Bio)Printing Laboratory, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain 
 Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (M.B.G.-O.); [email protected] (G.R.-A.); [email protected] (E.C.); Instituto de Investigacioón Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; BioFab i3D-Biofabrication and 3D (Bio)Printing Laboratory, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain 
 Biopathology and Regenerative Medicine Institute (IBIMER), Centre for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; [email protected] (M.B.G.-O.); [email protected] (G.R.-A.); [email protected] (E.C.); Instituto de Investigacioón Biosanitaria ibs. Granada, University Hospitals of Granada, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Excellence Research Unit “Modeling Nature” (MNat), University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; BioFab i3D-Biofabrication and 3D (Bio)Printing Laboratory, University of Granada, 18100 Granada, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain 
First page
370
Publication year
2022
Publication date
2022
Publisher
MDPI AG
ISSN
16616596
e-ISSN
14220067
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2618238752
Copyright
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.