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Introduction

Functional changes and homeostasis usually appear naturally due to the senescence physiology and impact on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, with the potential to influence the drug therapy safety and effectiveness.1,2

One of the senility processes designs, characterized by a gradual and pathological decline in all body systems functioning, has determined the highest frequency of frailty and comorbidities and, by consequence, the polypharmacy in the older adults. The long-lived population is one of the largest consumers of drugs3 and studies have shown that the use of inappropriate medications is prevalent in older adults patients, as well as adverse reactions and drug interactions.4

Thus, the peculiarities of the older adults organism referring to pharmacotherapy become them more exposed to Drug-Related Problems – DRP and to Negative Results Associated with Medication – NMR, both responsible for a significant number of clinical admissions.5,6

In this context, Potentially Inappropriate Medicines (PIM) for the older adults arise. It is characterized by increasing the risk of having adverse reactions compared to younger patients or also when they have no evidence-based indication.6,7 According to Beer's criteria, the PIM are defined as drugs with higher risk of intolerance related to adverse pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics or drugs-disease interactions REF, and it is classified into three categories, those that should be avoided in the older adults regardless of the clinical condition; those that should be avoided in the older adults with certain diseases, which can be aggravated by such drugs; and those that should be used with care/caution in the older adults.8

Several countries have been elaborated lists containing PIM for the older adults attempting to favor the prescription and rational use of medicines in geriatric practice9 e to keep them updated through constant reviews.10 Among these lists are the classification criteria of the American Geriatric Society (AGS) for the BEERS Criterion, version 2019;11 Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions (STOPP) Criterion Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment (START), 2015 version (STOPP/START-2015);12,13 the list of Germany; PRISCUS/201014 and the EU (7) -PIM List/2015,15 FORTA (fit for the Aged) List/EURO-FORTA- 2018,16 Taiwan-PIM/2019,17 McLeod and IPET-Improving Prescribing in the older adults/2008.18

In Brazil, the content validation of the Beers Criteria 2012 and STOPP 2006 resulted, in 2016, in the Brazilian Consensus on Potentially Inappropriate Medicines for the Older adults (BCPIM/2016).19

The present study aims to assess the selectivity of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) to the older adults for the Brazilian criterion according to the convergences with the international lists under the specialists' validation.

Materials and Methods Study Design

The study has a mixed method.20 It is qualitative research once the modified Delphi technique21 was used to establish a strategy for systematized analysis of expert opinions and for the consensus on the drugs inclusion in BCPIM/2016,19 which were absent in this list, but were contained in the criteria North American and European internationals. It is also quantitative, cross-sectional study,22 due to the use of frequencies and agreement indicator concerning the concomitant presence of PIM in BCPIM/2016 with international lists.

Procedures

The research design is shown in Figure 1 and was carried out in six stages.

Figure 1 Experimental study design.

1st Stage – Selection of International Lists of Drugs Potentially Inappropriate for the Older Adults In addition to the Brazilian Consensus on Potentially Inappropriate Medicines for the Older adults, 2016 (BCPIM/2016) REF, the criteria (Figure 1) identified by the literature as the best known and most used in the United States and Europe today, applicable to regulatory studies, were selected, in their most current versions,7 as follows: the EU (7) – PIM List15 and the AGS Beers criteria.11 The Screening Tool of Older Person's Prescriptions (STOPP), Screening Tool to Alert to Right Treatment (START) and the German list PRISCUS/2010 (14) criteria were also included (12, 13) as these are recent criteria and constantly pointed out in the literature as tools used to assess the PIM prescription and factors associated with the use of PIM. This process was supported by a comprehensive literature search that occurred in the first half of 2019. As a tool to identify the guiding lists of PIM that would be used in this study, we consulted the following bibliographic platforms for scientific research: PubMed, Lilacs, Scielo and Scopus. For searching in this database, the next descriptors were used in Portuguese, English and Spanish languages: "List of Potentially Inappropriate Medicines", "Older adults", "Aging", "Side Effects", "Drug-Related Adverse Reactions".

2nd Stage – Survey of Drugs Potentially Inappropriate for the Older Adults Contained in the Lists We determined which medications were potentially inappropriate for the older adults selected on the 1st Stage. The drugs were listed in a database following the drug classification according to Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC).23

3rd Stage – Agreement Indicator (BCPIM)

An analytical contrast measure was adopted in the relationships between the PIM contained in the five criteria selected in the 1st Stage through the agreement indicator (I). Thus, after identifying the total number of drugs listed in the different criteria, we verified in what proportion two lists of drugs observed agreed among themselves, within the set of all drugs present in both lists. Such indicator was obtained from the following formula:

where I= Agreement indicator between criteria a and b;

i(La, Lb) = Intersection between the criteria for PIM's a (La) and b (Lb);

La = Number of drugs present in the criterion a;

Lb = Number of drugs present in the criterion b.

The agreement indicator is measured by a value ranging from 0 to 1. Thus, the indicator assumes zero if the lists in the criteria are totally different, having no medicine in common. On the other hand, the closer to 1, the more similar the lists assessed will be.

To define the sum of the total number of drugs present in two PIM criteria subtracted from the intersection between two criteria, the variable Є was established, as described below:

where:

ϵ = Discordance between two lists;

I= Agreement indicator between criteria a and b;

i(La, Lb) = Intersection between the criteria for PIM's a (La) and b (Lb);

La = Number of drugs present in the criterion a;

Lb = Number of drugs present in the criterion b.

4th Stage – Determination of PIM Use in Older Adults in the Lists Selected in Step 1 with the Possibility of Being Included in BCPIM/2016 We verified how many and which were the drugs commercialized in Brazil that were concurrently included in the other lists studied and were not part of BCPIM/2016. We consulted the website of the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) to find out which of these drugs were marketed in the country.24

5th Stage – Criteria for Selection of Specialists, Adapted Ferhing Scale With the analysis of PIM absences in BCPIM/2016, the casuistry was questioned and the etiology of these absences was investigated according to the experts' knowledge. Then, experts from different regions of the country were sought, based on curriculum analysis, in a research on the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - CNPq website. Those who reached a score of >5 were eligible according to the Fehring scale adapted.25 After accepting to participate voluntarily to the study, they answered all research-related forms. The exclusion criteria of this group of experts were not to reaching a score >5, according to the adapted Fehring scale,25 or failing to answer any of the forms.

6th Stage – Application of Method Delphi for Content Validation Regarding the Reasons for Non-Inclusion of MPI Use in Older Adult at BCPIM/2016 Two questionnaires were prepared: the first to investigate the experts' sociodemographic profile; and, the second, containing a list of PIMs that were not included in BCPIM/2016, even though they were commercialized in Brazil and were part of any of the lists investigated. This instrument was applied through an interactive process in Google forms, containing a semi-structured questionnaire and the Informed Consent Form, according to the modified Delphi technique26 This technique recommends obtaining the greatest consensus in a group of people, carefully selected, on a given topic and can occur in several rounds.26 In our study, two rounds were carried out.

The first question was intended to consult experts about their inclusion or not in BCPIM/2016. In the second round, experts were asked to justify the drugs that they choose to not include in the consensus. After obtaining these justifications, a content analysis was carried out, defined by Rocha as a set of investigation techniques in the study of communication analysis, to understand the objectives of prescription practices in the field of science, choosing directions that ensure legitimacy, leading us to observe an assumption, a conception of science, without losing its heterogeneity,27 in order to reflect why the questioned drugs are not BCPIM/2016.19 According to the articulation of these elements, which characterize the content analysis approach the meaning production refers to a deduction, that is, to reach a significance about the non-inclusion of these drugs. In Content Analysis, the answers written means the subject's expression, where the research seeks to categorize the units of text that are repeated, inferring an expression that represents them.29 For that, we categorized the answers given by the specialists and counted the repetitions of the same.

Ethical Aspects

This research was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Ceilândia at the University of Brasília, under protocol number 3.317.495.

Statistical Analysis

To perform the data analysis, we used the software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 22. The categorical variables data were presented in absolute and/or relative frequencies. For discrimination of comparison measures, the relative prevalence were observed.

Results

Eighteen specialists agreed to participate in the study, being: eight geriatricians, six clinical pharmacists and four nurses. Regarding the degree, ten were specialists, three were masters and four PhD. As for the geographical distribution by residence, three were from the Northeast, four from the Southeast, six from the Midwest and five from the South Brazil.

The Agreement Indicator between BCPIM/2016 and the other criteria established in this study for Potentially Inappropriate Medications for the older adults ranged from 0.2 to 0.3 (Table 1).

Table 1 Indicator of Agreement Between BCPIM/2016 and the Criteria for BEERS/2019, STOPP/START/2015, PRISCUs2010, EU (7)-PIM/2015

A total of 337 Potentially Inappropriate Medicines were found for use in the older adults in the five criteria, excluding repetitions. We observed that eight of these drugs were common in all the studied criteria, and, according to Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical (ATC),23 they belong to the nervous system (n=4), cardiovascular system (n=2), digestive and metabolic systems (n=2) classes. The reasons for which they were inserted, as well as precautions for use and therapeutic alternatives are described (Table 2).

Table 2 Justification, Precautions When Using, Therapeutic Alternatives and Characteristics of Impropriety for the Use of Medications in the Older Adults Included Concurrently in the Criteria for BEERS/2019, STOPP/START /2015, PRISCUS/2010, EU (7)-PIM/2015, and Brazilian Consensus on Potentially Inappropriate Medicines for the Older Adults – BCPIM/2016

We found that a total of 144 drugs, present in at least one of the international criteria surveyed, were not part of the criteria of BCPIM/2016. Of these, 78 drugs were not commercialized in Brazil. Among the 66 drugs marketer in the country that could be included in BCPIM/2016 once they are described in at least one of the other international criteria- 12 have action on the digestive and metabolic system, four on the hematological system, 18 on the cardiovascular system, four on the genital-urinary system and sex hormones, seven in the skeletal muscle system, 18 in the central nervous system and three in the respiratory system (Table 3).

Table 3 Potentially Inappropriate Medicines for the Older Adults Commercialized in Brazil, Which are Not Included in BCPIM/2016, but are Described in at Least One of the Criteria BEERS/2019, PRISCUS/2010, EU (7)–PIM/2015 e STOPP&START/2015

Health experts agreed on a percentage of 60% or more regarding the inclusion of these 66 PIM in BCPIM/2016 (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Percentage of validation among experts regarding the inclusion in BCPIM/2016 of the PIMs contained in at least one of the criteria BEERS/2019; STOPP-START/2015; PRISCUS/2010; o EU (7)-PIM List/2015. Notes: Central Nervous System: 1-Zoledronic acid, 2-Belladonna alkaloids, 3-Amphetamines, 4-Carbamazepine, 5-Clorazepate, 6-codeine phosphate, 7-Ginkgo biloba, 8-L-dopa, 9-Mirtazapine, 10 -Naltrexone, 11-Nicergoline, 12-Oxcarbazepine, 13-Piracetam, 14-Pramipexole, 15-Rivaroxaban, 16-Timolol, 17-Tranylcypromine and 18-Trazodone; Cardiovascular System: 19-Amlodipine, 20-Bisoprolol, 21-Captopril, 22-Chlorthalidone, 23-Disopyramide, 24-Osmotic diuretic, 25-Dronedarone, 26-Enalapril, 27-Felodipino, 28-Guanabens, 29-Guanfacine, 30- Hydrochlorothiazide, 31-Lisinopril, 32-Metoprolol, 33-Pentoxifylline, 34-Ramipril, 35-Rilmenidine, 36-Trimetazidine; Digestive and Metabolic System: 37-Bisacodyl, 38-Sacred Cascara, 39-Diphenoxylate, 40-Glimepiride, 41-Insulin, 42-Fast-acting Insulin, 43-Metformin, 44-Sodium Picosulfate, 45-Senne, 46-Sitagliptin, 47-Fiber supplement and 48-Vitamin D; Skeletal Muscle System: 49-Alendronate, 50-Baclofen, 51-Chlorzoxazone, 52-Phenylbutazone, 53-Isoxsuprine, 54-Strontium Ranelate and 55-Calcium supplement; Blood and Hematopoietic Organs: 56-Cilostazol, 57-Dabigatran, 58-Prasugrel and 59-Ferrous Sulphate; Genitourinary System and Sex Hormones: 60-Megestrol, 61-Oxybutynin, 62-Tamsulosin and 63-Testosterone; Respiratory System: 64-Dexbronferinamine, 65-Demethindene and 66-Ipratropium.

There was 100% validation among experts regarding the inclusion of 24 of these drugs in the BCPIM/2016 (Table 4).

Table 4 Medicines with 100% Validation by Experts Regarding Their Inclusion in the BCPIM/2016

In the content analysis, we stratified seven categories of different justifications most cited for the non-inclusion of PIM in BCPIM/2016, as follows: the low frequency of PIM use among the older adults (n = 5); the prescription could be carried out depending on the clinical condition (n = 25); more scientific evidence would be required for drug inclusion (n = 5); ADR is independent of age (n = 19); the low frequency of RAM (n = 11); present low side effect (n = 8); and it is not a medication for continuous use (n = 5).

Discussion

Worldwide, European and North American lists containing medications potentially inappropriate for the older adults have been used by prescribers to subsidize them in pharmacotherapy.30 This difference in health determinants may explain the fact that the international lists assessed in this work show a convergence of, at most, 30% in relation to BCPIM-2016.

Although BCPIM-2016 was based on the Beers/2012 and STOPP/2006 Criteria, there are 262 discrepant drugs with Beers/2019 and 245 discrepant drugs with STOPP/START/2015. Part of these differences occurred due to the use, in this research, of updated versions of the lists and because few of the PIMs are not marketed in Brazil. These stand out need for constant review of PIM lists.

The ATC (24) Classification System have a proposal consistent with the Brazilian perspective, as in STOPP/START/2015 and Eu (7) PIM/2015. Thus, medicines are divided into different groups according with the organ or system on which they act, paying attention to physical, pharmacological and therapeutic properties. Thus, it is easy to monitor NRM (Negative results associated with the medication), PNRD (Prevention and resolution of negative drugs-associated results) and ADR (Adverse drug reactions). However, although the use of PIM is related to increased morbidity and mortality, the prescription of these drugs in older adults patients remains very common.31

Of the eight drugs that appeared on all the lists in our study, the predominant class was the Central Nervous System, which encompasses the highest percentage of drugs that theoretically cause the most negative results for patients, especially in the older adults.32 Brain aging causes structural and functional changes and there is a compromise in the preservation of brain white matter in senescence.33 This fact justifies the greater risk of delirium, cognitive decline34 and difficulties with postural reflexes in the older adults under the use of medications that have a sedative and anticholinergic action.35,36

Still, regarding the drugs in all the researched lists, we highlight those that are part of the cardiovascular system, such as digoxin and nifedipine,37 as they are associated with the risk of intoxication, ischemia and orthostatic hypotension.38 In the same way, it is possible to mention those drugs that act in the digestive and metabolic system, because they present a risk that the adverse effects become greater than the therapeutic ones in face of the pharmacokinetic alterations that occur in senescence, such as glibenclamide and metoclopramide.39,40

In this study, of the 66 drugs that were at least in one of the international lists surveyed, but were not included in BCPIM/2016, 16 were included in the National List of Essential Medicines-RENAME,40 with no reference to dealing with potentially inappropriate drugs for use in the older adults. A list of essential drugs, materialized through RENAME and the State Relations of Essential Medicines (RESME) and the Municipal Relations of Essential Medicines (REMUME), are guiding lists for the acquisition, prescription and use of medicines, especially in the Unified Health System (SUS).41

Since these lists contain PIM, their prescription and use could increase their risk for this age group. The increased risk of inadequate prescription may compromise the pharmacotherapy directed to the older adults, especially to those with low income, who depend exclusively on the Unified Health System (SUS). There is a need, therefore, to use evidence-based criteria for the elaboration of summaries with a lower percentage of PIM for the older adults in these essential drug lists.

When consulted, the experts unanimously agreed that of the 66 drugs on at least one of the international lists, 24 of them should be present at BCPIM/2016. It is important to highlight that the lowest percentage of agreement among the specialists about include the 66 drugs in the BCPIM/2016 was 66.7%.

Fiber supplements were the ones that obtained the lowest validation percentage among specialists for inclusion in CBPIM/2016 and, among the justifications, is that older adults patients often have constipation, and fiber is well indicated and can assist in the proper intestinal functioning, causing no potential damage. These factors are corroborated by the literature.42 Insoluble fibers have limited fermentation in the large intestine and are not soluble in water, which leads to an increase in the feces volume and activate the release of hormones involved in food intake regulation in the intestine.43 However, for fiber supplements, mentioned in the Stopp/Start criterion,44 they recommend discontinuity in case of prophylaxis, once soluble fibers are viscous and easily fermentable in the large intestine, which can delay gastric emptying and affect the secretion and insulin action.45

Adapting a list of medications to the national reality has unprecedented significance, as it makes possible to analyze the pharmacotherapy risks for the older adults in real time. Thus, after the experts' analysis, we found that the number of drugs belonging to the classes of Cardiovascular System (n = 7) and Digestive and Metabolic Systems (n = 6) was higher compared with other classes when the agreement to be part of BCPIM/2016 was 100%. Experts reported that cardiovascular drugs can cause bradycardia, orthostatic hypotension, respiratory depression or its exacerbation, cognitive decline, and risk of falls. In the digestive and metabolic system experts claimed that the drugs can increase intestinal motility, aggravate intestinal dysfunction, and increase the risk of hypoglycemia, abdominal pain, dizziness, headaches and peripheral changes. All these findings are corroborated for the scientific literature.46

As for the drugs that act on the skeletal muscle system, the experts' suggestions for inclusion in BCPIM/2016 cause adverse reactions including risk of bleeding, ulcerations or gastrointestinal perforations, severe adverse effects, therapeutic insecurity, blood dyscrasia, bone marrow depression, and situations corroborated by scientific evidence.47

Those who act on the respiratory system, experts emphasized that many antihistamines, with or without prescription, have potent anticholinergic properties, claiming that there are non-anticholinergic drugs as an option for older adults patients. Studies have shown that inhaled corticosteroids (IC) at low doses can produce good results, have few adverse systemic effects and are safe in the older adults, showing significantly positive changes in airway inflammation.48

Conclusion

This study aimed to contribute to the older adults healthcare by determining the PIM in the international criteria most cited in the literature compared to CBPIM/2016. Drugs that are absent from the Brazilian list, but included in international criteria, can provide health professionals with a better evaluation of the risks and benefits when prescribing PIM in the older adults, identifying the causes of the PIM adverse effects, and seeking pharmacotherapeutic options for this age population. Thus, it will be possible to contribute to the prescription and responsible use of medicines by the Brazilian population of older adults, as well as to help other researchers to update the criteria of their own countries by sharing the methodology used in the present study.

The results allowed to reflect on the relevance of considering the specificities of pharmacotherapy for the older adults and the need for constant review of CBPIM/2016 in view of the knowledge generated by the research. Thus, we verified the possibility of expanding the Brazilian list by at least 24 PIM distributed in the several human body systems according with the unanimous consensus of specialists.

However, the clinical decision is the prerogative of the prescriber who, in agreement with the patient, defines the best therapy, respecting the individual response of each patient, as well as the various variables that can influence clinical outcomes. Thus, clinical judgment is fundamental in individualizing the medical prescription, according to the patient's circumstances and treatment objectives.

We emphasize the importance that should be attributed to the health professional when making the prescription, assessing the risks and benefits for the older adults population. This knowledge that medication can bring to the patient must be very clear and having an appropriate list for the older adults Brazilian population is essential to health.

Acknowledgments

This work received support from the research's members of University of Aging/University of Brasilia (UniSER/UnB), from Education and Human Aging Institute (IEEH) and from the research group – Human aging determinants from National Council for Scientific and Technological Development – CNPQ. We also thank Mr. Mateus de Castro for his contribution in the development of the third stage of this work.

Disclosure

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

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Andréa Pecce Bento,1 Leonardo Costa Pereira,2 Kerolyn Ramos Garcia,1 Luiz Fernando Ramos Ferreira,3 Emília Vitória da Silva,1 Margô Karnikowski1

1Sciences and Health Technologies Program, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; 2Physical Education, University UNIEURO, Brasilia, DF, Brazil; 3Academic League of Project Management, Florence College, São Luis, Maranhão, Brazil

Correspondence: Margô Karnikowski, University Campus, s/n, Metropolitan Center, Brasília, DF, 72220-275, Brazil, Tel/Fax +5 613107 8418, Email [email protected]

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Abstract

Aim: The use of potentially inappropriate medications (PIM) can impair the safety and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in the older adults. Thus, several countries have lists and criteria to indicate these drugs, in order to promote the safety of prescription and the rational use of drugs in geriatric practice.

Objective: This study sought to contribute to the inclusion of PIM for the older adults in the Brazilian criterion (BCPIM/2016) – current list used in Brazil and reference in Latin American countries – through expert approval, comparing convergences with international AGS lists BEERS/2019, STOPP/START/2015, PRISCUS/2010 and EU (7)-PIM List/2015.

Methods: This is a critical analysis of potentially inappropriate medications for use in the older adults present in the list of Brazilian criteria, together with their absence of some drugs that are on international lists (BEERS/2019; Priscus/2010; Stopp/Start/2015; EU7-PIM list/2015). This study was subdivided in 6 stages: selection of national criteria, classification of drugs according to Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical, comparison between BCPIM/2016 with international lists, selection of drugs not included in the Brazilian list, selection of experts for evaluation and suggestions about drugs not included in the Brazilian list and the synthesis of the analysis carried out by the specialists.

Results: We cataloged 66 drugs marketed in Brazil that are on international lists, but not in the Brazilian consensus, of which 24 were validated by experts as necessary for inclusion in this consensus, considering the risks and benefits in health care for the older adults. However, the lists have divergences and similarities between them. We observed that eight drugs were common to all criteria studied, mainly related to the nervous system.

Conclusion: The results suggest the need for periodic validation of PIM against research clinics, new drugs and the inclusion of this agenda by the Ministry of Health in the revision of the National List of Essential Drugs and other Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Prescription Guidelines for the older adults.

Details

Title
Inclusion of Potentially Inappropriate Medicines for the Older Adults in the Brazilian Consensus in Accordance with International Criteria
Author
Bento, Andréa Pecce; Leonardo Costa Pereira; Kerolyn Ramos Garcia; Ramos Ferreira, Luiz Fernando; Emília Vitória da Silva; Karnikowski, Margô
Pages
151-161
Section
Original Research
Publication year
2022
Publication date
2022
Publisher
Taylor & Francis Ltd.
ISSN
1176-9092
e-ISSN
1178-1998
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S318578
ProQuest document ID
2629456649
Copyright
© 2022. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.