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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Mycotoxins are well established toxic metabolic entities produced when fungi invade agricultural/farm produce, and this happens especially when the conditions are favourable. Exposure to mycotoxins can directly take place via the consumption of infected foods and feeds; humans can also be indirectly exposed from consuming animals fed with infected feeds. Among the hundreds of mycotoxins known to humans, around a handful have drawn the most concern because of their occurrence in food and severe effects on human health. The increasing public health importance of mycotoxins across human and livestock environments mandates the continued review of the relevant literature, especially with regard to understanding their toxicological mechanisms. In particular, our analysis of recently conducted reviews showed that the toxicological mechanisms of mycotoxins deserve additional attention to help provide enhanced understanding regarding this subject matter. For this reason, this current work reviewed the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms involving humans, livestock, and their associated health concerns. In particular, we have deepened our understanding about how the mycotoxins’ toxicological mechanisms impact on the human cellular genome. Along with the significance of mycotoxin toxicities and their toxicological mechanisms, there are associated health concerns arising from exposures to these toxins, including DNA damage, kidney damage, DNA/RNA mutations, growth impairment in children, gene modifications, and immune impairment. More needs to be done to enhance the understanding regards the mechanisms underscoring the environmental implications of mycotoxins, which can be actualized via risk assessment studies into the conditions/factors facilitating mycotoxins’ toxicities.

Details

Title
Mycotoxins’ Toxicological Mechanisms Involving Humans, Livestock and Their Associated Health Concerns: A Review
Author
Awuchi, Chinaza Godseill 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Erick Nyakundi Ondari 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Nwozo, Sarah 1 ; Odongo, Grace Akinyi 1 ; Ifie, Josiah Eseoghene 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Hannington Twinomuhwezi 2 ; Ogbonna, Chukwuka U 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Upadhyay, Anjani K 4 ; Adeleye, Ademiku O 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Charles Odilichukwu R Okpala 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi P.O. Box 20000, Uganda; [email protected] (E.N.O.); [email protected] (S.N.); [email protected] (G.A.O.); [email protected] (I.J.E.) 
 Department of Chemistry, Kyambogo University, Kyambogo, Kampala P.O. Box 1, Uganda; [email protected] 
 Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240, Abeokuta 110124, Ogun State, Nigeria; [email protected] 
 Heredity Healthcare & Lifesciences, 206-KIIT TBI, Patia, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India; [email protected] 
 Faith Heroic Generation, No. 36 Temidire Street, Azure 340251, Ondo State, Nigeria; [email protected] 
 Department of Functional Foods Product Development, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland 
First page
167
Publication year
2022
Publication date
2022
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20726651
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2642476763
Copyright
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.