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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Staphylococcus epidermidis is more abundant in the anterior nares than internal parts of the nose, but its relative abundance changes along with age; it is more abundant in adolescents than in children and adults. Various studies have shown that S. epidermidis is the guardian of the nasal cavity because it prevents the colonization and infection of respiratory pathogens (bacteria and viruses) through the secretion of antimicrobial molecules and inhibitors of biofilm formation, occupying the space of the membrane mucosa and through the stimulation of the host’s innate and adaptive immunity. There is a strong relationship between the low number of S. epidermidis in the nasal cavity and the increased risk of serious respiratory infections. The direct application of S. epidermidis into the nasal cavity could be an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent respiratory infections and to restore nasal cavity homeostasis. This review shows the mechanisms that S. epidermidis uses to eliminate respiratory pathogens from the nasal cavity, also S. epidermidis is proposed to be used as a probiotic to prevent the development of COVID-19 because S. epidermidis induces the production of interferon type I and III and decreases the expression of the entry receptors of SARS-CoV-2 (ACE2 and TMPRSS2) in the nasal epithelial cells.

Details

Title
Staphylococcus epidermidis Controls Opportunistic Pathogens in the Nose, Could It Help to Regulate SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) Infection?
Author
Ortega-Peña, Silvestre 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Rodríguez-Martínez, Sandra 2 ; Cancino-Diaz, Mario E 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Cancino-Diaz, Juan C 3 

 Laboratorio Tejido Conjuntivo, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luís Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Ciudad de México 14389, Mexico 
 Laboratorio de Inmunidad Innata, Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; [email protected] (S.R.-M.); [email protected] (M.E.C.-D.) 
 Laboratorio de Inmunomicrobiología, Departamento Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico 
First page
341
Publication year
2022
Publication date
2022
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20751729
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2642485512
Copyright
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.