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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are associated with kidney dysfunction and the development of comorbidities in patients with CKD, being only partially eliminated by dialysis therapies. Importantly, drugs used in clinical treatments may affect the levels of uremic toxins, their tissue disposition, and even their elimination through the interaction of both with proteins such as albumin and cell membrane transporters. In this context, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are highlighted for their high affinity for albumin, the most abundant serum protein with multiple binding sites and an ability to interact with drugs. Membrane transporters mediate the cellular influx and efflux of various uremic toxins, which may also compete with drugs as substrates, and both may alter transporter activity or expression. Therefore, this review explores the interaction mechanisms between uremic toxins and albumin, as well as membrane transporters, considering their potential relationship with drugs used in clinical practice.

Details

Title
The Interplay between Uremic Toxins and Albumin, Membrane Transporters and Drug Interaction
Author
Regiane Stafim da Cunha 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Carolina Amaral Bueno Azevedo 1 ; Falconi, Carlos Alexandre 2 ; Ruiz, Fernanda Fogaça 2 ; Liabeuf, Sophie 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Carneiro-Ramos, Marcela Sorelli 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Andréa Emilia Marques Stinghen 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Basic Pathology Department, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil; [email protected] (R.S.d.C.); [email protected] (C.A.B.A.) 
 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Center of Natural and Human Sciences (CCNH), Federal University of ABC, Santo André 09210-580, Brazil; [email protected] (C.A.F.); [email protected] (F.F.R.); [email protected] (M.S.C.-R.) 
 Department of Pharmacology, Amiens University Medical Center, 80054 Amiens, France; [email protected] 
First page
177
Publication year
2022
Publication date
2022
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20726651
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2642662110
Copyright
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.