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Abstract
Facing the emerging COVID viral variants and the uneven distribution of vaccine worldwide, imported pre-symptomatic COVID-19 cases play a pivotal role in border control strategies. A stochastic disease process and computer simulation experiments with Bayesian underpinning was therefore developed to model pre-symptomatic disease progression during incubation period on which we were based to provide precision strategies for containing the resultant epidemic caused by imported COVID-19 cases. We then applied the proposed model to data on 1051 imported COVID-19 cases among inbound passengers to Taiwan between March 2020 and April 2021. The overall daily rate (per 100,000) of pre-symptomatic COVID-19 cases was estimated as 106 (95% credible interval (CrI): 95–117) in March–June 2020, fell to 37 (95% CrI: 28–47) in July–September 2020 (p < 0.0001), resurged to 141 (95% CrI: 118–164) in October–December 2020 (p < 0.0001), and declined to 90 (95% CrI: 73–108) in January–April 2021 (p = 0.0004). Given the median dwelling time, over 82% cases would progress from pre-symptomatic to symptomatic phase in 5-day quarantine. The time required for quarantine given two real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests depends on the risk of departing countries, testing and quarantine strategies, and whether the passengers have vaccine jabs. Our proposed four-compartment stochastic process and computer simulation experiments design underpinning Bayesian MCMC algorithm facilitated the development of precision strategies for imported COVID-19 cases.
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Details

1 Taipei Medical University, School of Oral Hygiene, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (GRID:grid.412896.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9337 0481)
2 National Taiwan University, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan (GRID:grid.19188.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 0546 0241); Dachung Hospital, Department of Emergency, Miaoli, Taiwan (GRID:grid.19188.39)
3 National Taiwan University, Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, Taipei, Taiwan (GRID:grid.19188.39) (ISNI:0000 0004 0546 0241)