This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
1. Introduction
Theory of convexity offers an effective and charming area of research and is also a theory that featured prominently and surprisingly in distinct disciplines such as mathematical analysis, optimization, economics, finance, engineering and game theory. Convexity theory is very closely related with the theory of inequalities. Many inequalities well known in the literature are direct applications of the properties of convex functions. The usage of fractional integral operators for getting the generalized types of classic inequalities has become an important method in advanced mathematical studies of inequalities.
One of the convexity theory studies in the literature belongs to Gao et al. [1]. They presented a new type of functions called -polynomial harmonically exponential type convex, and specified some of their algebraic features. Mehrez and Agarwal [2] established new type of integral inequalities for convex functions and indicated new inequalities for some special and -special functions. Tariq [3] defined the concept of –harmonic exponential type convex functions. Also, they investigated some integral inequalities in the form of applications for some means. Another study on convexity theory and inequalities was presented by Butt et al. [4]. They presented the notion of –polynomial -harmonic exponential type convex functions and demonstrated various new integral inequalities. Srivastava et al. [5] obtained a new class of the bi-close-to-convex functions described in the open unit disk by using the Borel distribution series of the Mittag–Leffler type. Also, the authors demonstrated the Fekete–Szego type inequalities via the bi-close-to-convex function class.
Fractional calculus, which is the study of integrals and derivatives of fractional order, has expanded significantly over the late nineteenth century. It ranges from chemical, viscoelasticity, and statistical physics to electrical and mechanical engineering. The fundamental working doctrine of fractional analysis is to present new fractional derivative and integral operators, and to analyze the benefits of these operators through the instrument of modeling studies, and collations. Integral operators, which form a significant part of fractional calculus, are now resources of many fields such as inequality theory, engineering, statistics, mathematical biology, and modeling, which take advantage of fractional analysis. Many inequalities have been generalized through the instrument of fractional integral operators and provide construction of new approximations.
One of the fractional calculus studies in the literature belongs to Abdeljawad et al. [6]. They obtained generalized Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities and generalized Simpson type inequalities for -convex functions with the help of local fractional integration. Akdemir et al. [7] used generalized fractional integral operators. By using these operators, they proved new and general variants of Chebyshev’s inequality. Butt et al. [8] established a general integral identity to acquire new integral inequalities of several Hadamard types. For this purpose, they used a new version of the Atangana–Baleanu integral operator. Khan et al. [9] explored two fractional integral operators related to Fox -function owing to Saxena and Kumbhat. They proved series expansion of the images of the -series with the help of these fractional operators. Another study to -fractional integrals was presented by Qi et al. [10]. They constructed some generalized fractional integral inequalities of the Hermite–Hadamard type via -convex functions. Also, they demonstrated that one can get and expand some Riemann–Liouville fractional integral inequalities and classical integral inequalities of Hermite–Hadamard’s type. Tunc et al. [11] presented the generalized -fractional integrals of a function with respect to the another function that generalizes many several types of fractional integrals. Also, they studied trapezoid inequalities for the functions whose derivatives in absolute value are convex. Önalan et al. [12] proved many Hermite–Hadamard type integral inequalities for functions whose absolute values of the second derivatives are -convex and -concave using fractional integral operators with the Mittag–Leffler kernel. Zhu et al. [13] explored a weighted integral identity of Simpson-like type. Relying on this identity, they obtained some estimation-type results connected with the weighted Simpson-like type integral inequalities for the first order differentiable functions. Srivastava et al. [14] established the homogeneous -shift operator and the homogeneous -difference operator. Based on these operators, they searched generalized Cauchy and Hahn polynomials.
2. Preliminaries
Now let us define some important functions.
Definition 1 (see [15]).
A function is called a convex function, if
holds for all and .
Definition 2 (see [16]).
The function ,, is called the-convex function, if
holds for all and .
Definition 3 (see [17]).
A functionis said to be-convex, if
holds for all , and .
Definition 4 (see [18]).
A function is said to be-convex in the second sense, if
holds for all , and .
Definition 5 (see [19]).
Let be an interval includingand letbe a nonnegative function. Then the functionis called the-convex function, if
holds for all , and .
Definition 6 (see [20]).
Let be an interval includingand letbe a nonnegative function. Then the functionis called the-convex function, if
holds for all , and .
Remark 1.
(i) By takingandin (6), we obtain the definition of convex function (1).
(ii) By takingin (6), we obtain the definition of-convex function (2).
(iii) By takingandin (6), we obtain the definition of-convex function (3).
(iv) By takingandin (6), we obtain the definition of-convex function in the second sense (4).
(v) By takingin(6), we obtain the definition of-convex function (5).
(vi) By takingin (6), we obtain the definition of-function described by Dragomir et al. in [21].
Now let us represent some definitions of fractional integral operators that will form the basis for this article.
Definition 7 (see [22]).
Let with,, and. Let,. In that case, the generalized fractional operators are defined bywhere
is generalized extended Mittag–Leffler function, and is the expansion of beta function described as below:where .
Definition 8 (see [23]).
Let with , be the functions, be positive, and be differentiable and strictly increasing. Let be an increasing on , with , and . In that case, for , the fractional operators are described by
Definition 9 (see [23]).
Let with , be the functions such that be positive and and be differentiable and strictly increasing. Let , , and . In that case, for , the united operators are described by
Recently, Yue et al. defined generalized -fractional operators including a further extension of Mittag–Leffler function in [24] as noted below:
Definition 10.
Letwith; be the functions such thatbe positive andandbe differentiable and strictly increasing. Letand,with,and. In that case, for, the right-left generalized-fractional operatorsandare defined by
The following inequality is the admitted Hadamard inequality.
Theorem 1.
Letwith, be a convex function. In that case, the below inequality occurs:
Theorem 2.
Letbe a convex andbe nonnegative and symmetric in respect ofand integrable. In that case, the below inequality occurs:
This inequality in [25] presented by Fejér is known as a weighted type of Hadamard’s inequality.
Many authors have been established several refinements and extensions of the Hadamard and the Fejér–Hadamard inequalities for various fractional integral operators (for details see, [2, 7, 11, 16, 17, 19–21, 26–34] and references therein). This article aims to derive the Hadamard and Fejér–Hadamard inequalities about generalized -fractional integrals involving Mittag–Leffler functions via -convex functions. In the upcoming section, we will utilize -fractional integral operators and -convexity to prove the two versions of the Hadamard inequality and the Fejér–Hadamard inequality.
3. The -Fractional Inequalities of Hadamard and Fejér–Hadamard Type
In this section, we first describe the below generalized -fractional Hadamard’s inequality.
Theorem 3.
Letis nonnegative, nonzero and integrable function and,, be the functions such thatandbe positive andbe differentiable and strictly increasing. Ifis-convex, the below inequalities for-fractional operators (12) and (13) occur:where for all .
Proof.
Since is -convex on , for all , we haveSetting and in above inequality, we have
Multiplying both sides of (18) by , then integrating over , we haveBy specifying and in (19), we have
By usage -fractional operators (12) and (13), the first side of (16) is achieved.
To evidence the second side of (16), once again -convexity of over , for , we achieve
Multiplying both sides of (21) by , next integrating over , we achieve
Setting and in (22), in that case by utilizing -fractional operators (12) and (13), the second side of (16) is achieved.
Corollary 1.
By usage (16), anymore-fractional inequalities are offered as noted below:
(i) By choosingand, we obtain
(ii) By choosingand, we obtain
(iii) By settingand, we obtain
(iv) By choosingand, we obtain
(v) By settingand, we get
(vi) By setting,and, we get
Remark 2.
The above-fractional inequalities are farther in line with already known conclusions as noted below: (i) By choosingin Corollary 1(v), an inequality for extended generalized fractional integrals is acquired. (ii) By choosingandin Corollary 1(v), Theorem 2.1 of [28] is acquired. (iii) By choosing, andin Corollary 1(v), Theorem 2.1 of [27] is acquired. (iv) By choosingin Corollary 1(v), Theorem 2.1 of [20] is acquired.
Remark 3.
(i) By choosingandin Remark 1(iii), an inequality for extended generalized fractional integrals is acquired. (ii) By choosingandin Remark 1(iii), Theorem 2 of [29] is acquired. (iii) By choosingin Remark 1(iv), Corollary 2.2 of [20] is acquired.
The below lemma is beneficial to offer the Fejér–Hadamard’s inequality for generalized -fractional integrals.
Lemma 1.
Letwith, be the functions such thatandpositive andbe differentiable and strictly increasing. If, in that case for generalized-fractional operators (11) and (12), we getfor all .
Proof.
By description of generalized -fractional operators (12) and (13), we get
Setting in the above equation and using , we have
This implies
By adding on both sides of (32), we have
From equations (32) and (33), the result can be obtained.
The first type of Fejér–Hadamard inequality is endued through generalized -fractional integrals as noted below:
Theorem 4.
Letbe nonnegative, nonzero, and integrable function and,, be the functions such thatandbe positive andbe differentiable and strictly increasing,is a nonnegative and integrable function. Ifis-convex and, in that case the below inequalities for generalized-fractional operators (12) and (13) occur:where for all .
Proof.
We demonstrate the claim as follows:
Multiplying both sides of (18) by and then integrating over , we have
By specifying and , that is , in (35), then using , we have
This implies
Using Lemma 1 in the above inequality, we have the first side of (34).
To demonstrate second side of (34), multiplying both parts of (21) by and then integrating over , we have
Setting and , then using in (38), we have
By usage Lemma 1 in the above inequality, we have the second side of (34).
Corollary 2.
By using (34), some more-fractional inequalities are offered as noted below:
(i) By choosingand, we obtain
(ii) By choosingand, we obtain
(iii) By choosingand, we obtain
(iv) By choosingand, we obtain
(v) By choosingand, we obtain
(vi) By choosing,and, we obtain
(vii) By choosingand, we obtain
Remark 4.
The above-fractional inequalities are farther in line with foreknown conclusions as noted below: (i) By choosingin Corollary 2(vi), Theorem 2.2 of [27] is acquired. (ii) By choosingin in Corollary 2(vii), Theorem 2.5 of [28] is acquired. (iii) By choosing,andin Corollary 2(v), an inequality for-convex functions via Riemann–Liouville integrals is acquired. (iv) By choosingandin in Corollary 2(vi), an inequality for extended generalized fractional integrals is acquired. (v) By choosingandin in Corollary 2(vi), Theorem 4 of [26] is acquired. (vi) By choosingin in Corollary 3.2 (vii), Theorem 3.1 of [27] is acquired.
In the subsequent theorem, we offer another type of Hadamard’s inequality.
Theorem 5.
Letis nonnegative, nonzero and integrable function and,, be the functions such thatandbe positive andbe differentiable and strictly increasing. Ifis-convex, in that case for generalized-fractional operators (12) and (13), we acquirewhere for all .
Proof.
Setting and in (3.2), we have
Multiplying both parts of (48) by and then integrating over , we have
By taking and in (49), in that case by usage -fractional operators (2.12) and (2.13), the first side of (47) is acquired.
To demonstrate the second side of (47), once again -convexity of over , for , we get
Multiplying both sides of (50) by , then integrating over , we acquire
Choosing and in (51), in that case by usage -fractional operators (12) and (13), the second side of (47) is acquired.
Corollary 3.
By using (47), anymore-fractional inequalities are offered as noted below:
(i) By choosingand, we have
(ii) By choosingand, we have
(iii) By choosingand, we acquire
(iv) By choosingand, we have
(v) By choosingand, we have
(vi) By choosing,and, we have
Remark 5.
The above-fractional inequalities are farther in line with foreknown conclusions as noted below: (i) By choosingin Corollary 3(v), an inequality for extended generalized fractional integrals is acquired. (ii) By choosingandin Corollary 3(v), Theorem 2.2 of [28] is acquired.
The second type of the Fejér–Hadamard’s inequality for generalized -fractional integrals is dedicated as noted below:
Theorem 6.
Letis nonnegative, nonzero and integrable function and,, be the functions such thatandbe positive andbe differentiable and strictly increasing,is a nonnegative and integrable function. Ifis-convex and, in that case the below inequalities for generalized-fractional operators (12) and (13) occur:where for all .
Proof.
We demonstrate the claim as follows:
Multiplying (48) by and then integrating over , we have
By setting and , that is, , in (59), in that case by usage and -fractional integral operators (12) and (13), the first side of (58) is acquired.
To demonstrate the second side of (58), multiplying both parts of (50) byand then integrating over , we have
Setting and in (59), then by using and -fractional integral operators (12) and (13), the second inequality of (58) is obtained.
Corollary 4.
By using (58), some more-fractional inequalities are offered as noted below:
(i) By choosingand, we obtain
(ii) By choosingand, we obtain
(iii) By choosingand, we obtain
(iv) By choosingand, we obtain
(v) By choosingand, we get
(vi) By choosingand, we get
Remark 6.
Those as mentioned above-fractional inequalities are farther in line with foreknown conclusions as by choosingin Corollary 4(v), an inequality for extended generalized fractional integrals is obtained.
Authors’ Contributions
All the authors made equal contributions.
Acknowledgments
Science & Technology Bureau of ChengDu 2020-YF09-00005-SN supported by Sichuan Science and Technology program 2021YFH0107 Erasmus+ SHYFTE Project 598649-EPP-1-2018-1-FR-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP.
References
[1] W. Gao, A. Kashuri, A. Kashuri, S. Ihsan Butt, M. Aslam, M. Nadeem, "New inequalities via n-polynomial harmonically exponential type convex functions n -polynomial harmonically exponential type convex functions," AIMS Mathematics, vol. 5 no. 6, pp. 6856-6873, DOI: 10.3934/math.2020440, 2020.
[2] K. Mehrez, P. Agarwal, "New Hermite-Hadamard type integral inequalities for convex functions and their applications," Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, vol. 350, pp. 274-285, DOI: 10.1016/j.cam.2018.10.022, 2019.
[3] M. Tariq, "Hermite-Hadamard type inequalities via p –harmonic exponential type convexity and applications," UJMA, vol. 4 no. 2, pp. 59-69, 2021.
[4] S. I. Butt, M. Tariq, A. Aslam, H. Ahmad, T. A. Nofal, "Hermite–Hadamard type inequalities via generalized harmonic exponential convexity and applications," Journal of Function Spaces, vol. 2021,DOI: 10.1155/2021/5533491, 2021.
[5] H. M. Srivastava, G. Murugusundaramoorthy, S. M. El-Deeb, "Faber polynomial coefficient estimates of bi-close-to-convex functions connected with the borel distribution of the Mittag-Leffler type," J. Nonlinear Var. Anal., vol. 5 no. 1, pp. 103-118, 2021.
[6] T. Abdeljawad, S. Rashid, Z. Hammouch, Y. M. Chu, "Some new local fractional inequalities associated with generalized s , m -convex functions and applications," Advances in Difference Equations, vol. 2020 no. 406,DOI: 10.1186/s13662-020-02865-w, 2020.
[7] A. O. Akdemir, S. I. Butt, M. Nadeem, M. A. Ragusa, "New general variants of Chebyshev type inequalities via generalized fractional integral operators," Mathematics, vol. 9 no. 2,DOI: 10.3390/math9020122, 2021.
[8] S. I. Butt, S. Yousaf, A. O. Akdemir, M. A. Dokuyucu, "New Hadamard-type integral inequalities via a general form of fractional integral operators," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, vol. 148,DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111025, 2021.
[9] A. M. Khan, R. K. Kumbhat, A. Chouhan, A. Alaria, "Generalized fractional integral operators and M -series," Jurnal Matematika, vol. 2016,DOI: 10.1155/2016/2872185, 2016.
[10] F. Qi, P. O. Mohammed, J.-C. Yao, Y.-H. Yao, "Generalized fractional integral inequalities of Hermite-Hadamard type for ${(\alpha,m)}$-convex functions α , m -convex functions," Journal of Inequalities and Applications, vol. 2019 no. 1,DOI: 10.1186/s13660-019-2079-6, 2019.
[11] T. Tunç, H. Budak, F. Usta, M. Z. Sarikaya, "On new generalized fractional integral operators and related fractional inequalities," Konuralp J. Math., vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 268-278, 2020.
[12] H. K. Önalan, A. O. Akdemir, M. A. Ardıç, D. Baleanu, "On new general versions of Hermite–Hadamard type integral inequalities via fractional integral operators with Mittag-Leffler kernel," Journal of Inequalities and Applications, vol. 186, 2021.
[13] T. Zhu, P. Wang, T. Du, "Some estimates on the weighted Simpson-like type integral inequalities and their applications," Journal of Nonlinear Functional Analysis, vol. 2020, 2020.
[14] H. M. Srivastava, S. Arjika, A. Kelil, "Some homogeneous q -difference operators and the associated generalized Hahn polynomials," Applied Set-Valued Analysis and Optimization, vol. 1, pp. 187-201, 2019.
[15] C. P. Niculescu, L. E. Persson, Convex Functions and Their Applications: A Contemporary Approach, 2006.
[16] M. K. Bakula, M. E. Özdemir, J. Pecaric, "Hadamard type inequalities for m -convex and α , m -convex functions," Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, vol. 9 no. 4, 2008.
[17] M. V. Cortez, "Fejér type inequalities for s , m -convex functions in the second sense," Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences, vol. 10 no. 5,DOI: 10.18576/amis/100507, 2016.
[18] N. Eftekhari, "Some remarks on (s,m)-convexity in the second sense s , m -convexity in the second sense," Journal of Mathematical Inequalities, vol. 8 no. 3, pp. 489-495, DOI: 10.7153/jmi-08-36, 2014.
[19] M. E. Özdemir, A. O. Akdemir, E. Set, "On h − m -convexity and Hadamard type inequalities," Transylvanian Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 51-58, 2016.
[20] G. Farid, A. U. Rehman, "Ain, k -fractional integral inequalities of Hadamard type for h − m -convex functions," Comput. Methods Differ. Equ., vol. 8 no. 1, pp. 119-140, 2020.
[21] S. S. Dragomir, J. Pecaric, L. E. Persson, "Some inequalities of Hadamard type," Soochow Journal of Mathematics, vol. 21 no. 3, pp. 335-341, 1995.
[22] M. Andrić, G. Farid, J. Pečarić, Analytical Inequalities for Fractional Calculus Operators and the Mittag-Leffler Function, 2021.
[23] M. Yussouf, G. Farid, K. A. Khan, C. Y. Jung, "Hadamard and Fejér-Hadamard inequalities for further generalized fractional integrals involving Mittag-Leffler functions," Jurnal Matematika, vol. 2021,DOI: 10.1155/2021/5589405, 2021.
[24] Y. Yue, G. Farid, A. K. Demirel, W. Nazeer, Y. Zhao, "Hadamard and Fejér-Hadamard inequalities for generalized k -fractional integrals involving further extension of Mittag-Leffler functions," AIMS Math, vol. 7 no. 1, pp. 681-703, 2022.
[25] L. Fejér, "Uberdie fourierreihen II," Math Naturwiss Anz Ungar. Akad. Wiss, vol. 24, pp. 369-390, 1906.
[26] Í. Íşcan, "Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér type inequalities for convex functions via fractional integrals," . https://arxiv.org/abs/1404.7722
[27] S. M. Kang, G. Farid, W. Nazeer, B. Tariq, "Hadamard and Fejér-Hadamard inequalities for extended generalized fractional integrals involving special functions," Journal of Inequalities and Applications, vol. 2018 no. 1,DOI: 10.1186/s13660-018-1701-3, 2018.
[28] A. Rehman, G. Farid, Q. Ain, "Ain, Hadamard and Fejér-Hadamard inequalities for h − m -convex functions via fractional integral containing the generalized Mittag-Leffler function," Journal of Scientific Research and Reports, vol. 18 no. 5,DOI: 10.9734/jsrr/2018/40359, 2018.
[29] M. Z. Sarikaya, E. Set, H. Yaldız, N. Başak, "Hermite-Hadamard’s inequalities for fractional integrals and related fractional inequalities," Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. no. 57, pp. 2403-2407, DOI: 10.1016/j.mcm.2011.12.048, 2013.
[30] D. Baleanu, M. Samraiz, Z. Perveen, S. Iqbal, K. S. Nisar, G. Rahman, "Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér type inequalities via fractional integral of a function concerning another function," AIMS Mathematics, vol. 6 no. 5, pp. 4280-4295, DOI: 10.3934/math.2021253, 2021.
[31] E. Set, A. O. Akdemir, E. A. Alan, "Hermite-Hadamard and Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér type inequalities involving fractional integral operators," Filomat, vol. 33 no. 8, pp. 2367-2380, DOI: 10.2298/fil1908367s, 2019.
[32] F. Ertuğral, M. Z. Sarıkaya, H. Budak, "On Refinements of Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér type inequalities for fractional integral operators," Applications and Applied Mathematics, vol. 13 no. 1, pp. 426-442, 2018.
[33] S. Turhan, Í. Íşcan, "On new Hermite-Hadamard-Fejér type inequalities for harmonically quasi convex functions," Communications Faculty of Sciences University of Ankara Series A1-Mathematics and Statistics, vol. 68 no. 1, pp. 734-749, 2019.
[34] R. S. Ali, A. Mukheimer, T. Abdeljawad, S. Mubeen, S. Ali, G. Rahman, K. S. Nisar, "Some new harmonically convex function type generalized fractional integral inequalities," Fractal Fract, vol. 5 no. 2,DOI: 10.3390/fractalfract5020054, 2021.