Embedded Demand, Policy Supply, and the Urban Spatial Effect of the Transformation of the New Generation of Migrant Workers into Citizens

Abstract

Drawing on the urban space theory, based on the interaction between policy supply and right demand, this paper constructs a theoretical model of the spatial fit and inhibition effect of the urban transformation of the new generation of migrant workers from the perspective of right demand and policy supply, to explore the urban space fit and restraining effect caused by the policy supply on the new generation of migrant workers. For that reason, under the guidance of the theoretical model, this paper makes an investigation and empirical analysis on the transformation of some new-generation migrant workers in the Yangtze River Delta, and the conclusion is as follows: the basic rights demand of the new generation of migrant workers embedded in urban space has a positive effect on the realization of their citizens’ transformation will, but the supply policy of citizens’ transformation has a restraining effect.

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1. Introduction

In recent years, with the continuous deepening of new-type urbanization in China, the level of urbanization in the country has been constantly raised. The rate of increase of both registered and permanent residents has increased by a large margin, especially in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and other developed provinces, and the degree of urbanization is far higher than the national average. In 2017, in the report to the 19th National Congress of the CPC, General Secretary Xi Jinping further stressed that “Urban agglomerations should be the main body to construct the urban pattern of coordinated development of large, medium, and small cities and towns, and speed up the citizenization of the population transferred from agriculture” [1]. According to the research of literature, it is generally believed that the providing household registration and residence for migrant workers is the basic condition to ensure their transformation into citizens. According to the 2019 National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China statistics, there are still more than 200 million migrant workers in China who have not solved the problem of transforming into citizens. And more than half of them are the new generation of migrant workers (mainly refers to the 80s and 90s after the rural Hukou Youth). Most of the new generation of migrant workers are generally better educated. On the one hand, the new generation of migrant workers has become the new force of China’s new urbanization and rural revitalization. On the other hand, most of them were born or grew up in cities, which have a greater influence on them in general. They move frequently between cities. That is different from the pendulum movement between urban and rural areas of the old generation of migrant workers, which is not conducive to economic development and social stability [2].

For a long time, the household registration system has been the most important system to affect China’s population mobility [3]. With the deepening of urbanization, the household registration system has been regarded as an important means to implement the new urbanization strategy and promote the transformation of citizens. However, in recent years, the urbanization rate of household registration in China is far lower than that of the resident population, and the rate of growth is gradually slowing down [4]. In response to this paradox, Tian Ming and other scholars believe that the market-oriented reform in other fields related to household registration has gradually stripped away the social welfare attached to the household registration and weakened the role of household registration as a whole. The rate of “Household registration” cannot be regarded as the only index to evaluate the reform of household registration system. The reason is that the social benefits related to household registration are the important factors that affect the rural-to-urban migration. Thus, while the traditional household registration system has been carefully loosened, just how much room does the government have for migrant workers in cities, so as to make them integrate effectively into the city by providing citizenization policies and gradually turn them into citizens?

With the deepening of urbanization, household registration system has been used as an important means to implement the new urbanization strategy and promote the citizenization of migrant workers. However, in recent years, the urbanization rate of household registration is far lower than that of permanent population, and the growth rate slows down. The “settlement” rate cannot be the only evaluation index of household registration system reform, and the social benefits matching with household registration are the important obstacles for the settlement in the city. In view of this, based on the theory of urban space and the interaction between policy supply and right demand, this paper constructs a theoretical model of spatial fit and inhibition effect of the new generation of migrant workers’ citizens’ transformation and discusses the fit and inhibition effect of policy supply on the new generation of migrant workers’ citizens’ transformation of urban space. Through the investigation and empirical research on the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers in the “Yangtze River Delta,” the results show that the basic rights demand embedded in the urban space of the new generation of migrant workers has a positive impact on the realization of their citizens’ transformation willingness. The higher the education level, the more they like the living city, the longer the living years are, and so on, the more urgent the housing, occupation, and life needs of the new generation of migrant workers in the city. The supply of housing, occupation, and life policies has an important impact on the transformation willingness of the new generation of migrant workers and has a positive impact on the satisfaction of their basic rights embedded in the urban space. The research conclusions are expected to provide theoretical support for the country to promote the urbanization process and the citizenization of migrant workers.

The urban space provided by the citizenization policy in different cities certainly presents different characteristics. In view of this, compared with the current literature, this paper has the following marginal innovation effect:

(1) Based on the theory of urban space, this paper designs a conceptual model of urban spatial fit and spatial inhibition effect on the new generation of migrant workers and citizens from the perspective of policy supply.

(2) By using the method of positive and negative evaluation, this paper compares and analyzes the adaptability and inhibition of the urban space transformation of the new generation of migrant workers. Therefore, the empirical study of this paper can further explain the “Paradox” phenomenon and provide policy enlightenment for the realization of the basic rights of the new generation of migrant workers embedded in urban space.

The rest of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 makes an analysis of the theory of urban space and the influence mechanism of the policy supply of citizenization. Section 3 makes an explanation about the conceptual model of urban spatial embeddedness demand, policy supply, and the transformation effect of the new generation of migrant workers. Section 4 shows the measure of the transformation effect of the new generation of migrant workers, urban spatial embeddedness demand, and policy supply. Section 5 provides implications for policy management. Finally, Section 6 draws the research conclusions.

2. An Analysis of the Theory of Urban Space and the Influence Mechanism of the Policy Supply of Citizenization

2.1. Theory of Urban Space

Space is an important concept in sociology. Promoted by Henri Lefebvre, Georg Simmel, Michel Foucault, Pierre Bourdieu, and other sociologists, urban space has become a core issue in western mainstream sociology [5]. Marxism regards “Space” as a physical situation, a field in which people carry out various social and economic activities, which can be understood as objective environmental conditions [6]. Durkheim developed the theory of space from the perspective of social determinism and revealed the social differences in the division of space [7]. Georg Simmel and Georg reconstructed the theory of Space Division from the perspective of mind and interaction, arguing that space is formed naturally in the course of individual interaction [8]. The founder of the urban sociology theory, Henri Lefebvre, developed the theory of social space. In his book “the right of the city,” he distinguished effectively between industrialization and urbanization and proposed to realize “Daily life” by realizing “The right of the city” and “The right of difference,” thus endowing the legitimacy of the new social space practice [9]. Henri Lefebvre argues that social space (Urbanization) has great significant effect on the reconstruction of daily life in modern cities and that the effective distribution of social productive rights is a prerequisite for the transfer of residents’ location. Thus, both Marxism’s concept of physical situation space and urban sociology’s theory of social space emphasize that the realization of urban rights, residential space, production space, and the corresponding living space decides the basic space for urban residents to realize the location transfer.

Migrant workers are urban migrants and are not natural urban residents. Although they have been separated from rural space for some time, they cannot be compared with urban residents in terms of equal urban rights, and there is a big difference in equity between them. There are many literatures about the comparison between migrant workers and urban residents. Some scholars, such as Qi diming, put forward the idea of reducing the isolation of living space, occupation space, and community space between migrant workers and urban residents and promoted urban integration through spatial integration. There is not only a “Natural spatial isolation” between migrant workers and urban residents, but also an “Artificial spatial isolation” due to the dual system. The traditional urban and rural household registration system caused by historical reasons is generally regarded as rigid segregation, while the existing citizenization policies in different cities or regions are regarded as flexible segregation. The Chicago School, based on a deep study of the urban sociology, concluded that urban spatial segregation can be divided into active and passive segregation. On the basis of previous studies, we believe that, under the general trend of the gradual disappearance of the urban-rural dual system, especially under the premise of the gradual looseness of the household registration system, the active citizenization policy provided by the government is helpful in eliminating the passive spatial segregation of migrant workers, thus eliminating the “Natural spatial segregation”(active segregation) between migrant workers and local residents.

2.2. The Impact Mechanism of the Policy Supply of Citizenization on the Transformation of the New Generation of Migrant Workers into Citizens

As early as 1989, from the perspective of occupation and residence, Huang Zuhui considered that the shift of agricultural population was firstly to shift surplus labor force from agricultural production to nonagricultural production, then gradually to be permanent population, and then eventually to become urban residents [10]. Later, scholars explored the transformation of migrant workers into citizens from different perspectives and formed different understandings. Liu and Cheng [11] put forward four aspects of transformation: firstly, occupational transformation: migrant workers from the subsidiary, informal labor market into the primary, formal labor market; the second one is the transformation of social status, from peasant workers to citizens; the third is the transformation of ideology, from peasant workers to citizens; and last but not least, the transformation of daily life of peasant workers, including consumption, behaviors, and other means of urbanization [11].

According to the space theory, Qi and Zhang think that obtaining the right of residence, the right of production, and the corresponding right of life are the basic conditions to help the migrant workers realize the location transfer [12]. These three “City rights” are closely related to the citizenization policies of different cities, which determine the living space of migrant workers and play an important role in their realization of the transformation of citizens. Firstly, the citizenization policy guarantees the basic living space of migrant workers in the city and reduces the space isolation with the local residents. For example, completely eliminating the phenomenon of “Work sheds,” “Villages in cities,” and “Collective dormitories” in which migrant workers live together, and bringing migrant workers into the same community management as local residents, will help migrant workers eliminate the sense of living space isolation. Secondly, the citizenization policy provides equal space for the employment market, provides equal jobs and employment opportunities with the local residents, and shares the same occupational space with the local residents, which is conducive to acquire occupational information and enhance learning ability and professional ability by migrant workers. Thirdly, the citizenization policy provides the same living space public service facilities, basic medical care, unemployment insurance, etc. as local residents. For migrant workers, particularly poor migrant workers, providing the same hardship allowance and unemployment relief as local residents can help them improve personal efficacy and enhance the ability to adapt to city life.

Compared with the old generation, the new generation of migrant workers has a stronger sense of belonging to the city and eagerly desire to be citizens [13]. If the government adopts an active citizenization policy. The new generation of migrant workers should, in theory, response strongly. Because the old generation of migrant workers roots in the countryside, the vast majority have land, homestead, or they preserve some kind of rural complex. The desire to convert citizens is not so strong as the new generation of migrant workers. Most of the new generation of migrant workers were born or grew up in cities, and the desire to take root in cities is stronger. But because most young migrant workers do not enjoy the same welfare treatments as local residents, the original urban and rural dual social spatial structure gradually transformed into urban and rural three-dimensional social spatial structure [14]. In order to eliminate the urban dual social spatial structure, it is imperative to meet the needs of the new generation of migrant workers. Although there are many complicated factors affecting the willingness of the new generation of migrant workers to convert, there are many literatures about this in the academic circle. Based on the viewpoint of living space in space theory, policy supply must firstly meet the basic needs of migrant workers city life and help them manage production practice, interpersonal communication skills, and other aspects.

3. Conceptual Model of Urban Spatial Embedded Demand, Policy Supply, and the Transformation Effect of the New Generation of Migrant Workers

In view of the increasing social distance between migrant workers and urban residents, even the emergence of class antagonism, the State Council’s “Opinions on deepening the construction of a new type of urbanization” (No. 8[2016] of the State Council) clearly puts forward the priority of settling down the new generation of migrant workers. However, overall, the proportion of the rural-to-urban migrants who are both capable of and willing to settle in cities and towns is relatively small, and the total number of those who do settle in cities and towns is limited. The urbanization rate of registered permanent residents has been far lower than the urbanization rate of permanent residents [15]. The theory of urban space explains the level and stage of social space in the city and also explains the process of citizenization of the new generation of migrant workers, that is, from embedding into the city to gradually integrating into the city [16]. Until the dual system of urban and rural areas is truly broken down, the citizenization policy adopted by any city is like a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the policy of urbanization promotes the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers from being embedded in urban space to being integrated with urban space, so that they can obtain equal urban social rights and realize equity and justice in urban space; on the other hand, due to the limitation of urban capacity, the policy of citizenization restrains migrant workers from transforming into citizens and also prevents them from fitting in with urban space [17]. This is a dilemma that China’s new-type urbanization is facing. As the urban space theory points out, there must be a “Boundary factor” embedded in urban space for a new class to realize location transfer. So, what “Boundary factors” are the new generation of migrant workers facing in the unfamiliar city? Based on the situation of the new generation of migrant workers entering the city, this paper constructs the urban space fit and inhibition effect model, which can reflect the citizens’ transformation will, in order to express the “Boundary factors” clearly [18]. Figure 1 is the conceptual model of urban spatial embedded demand, policy supply, and the transformation effect of the new generation of migrant workers.

[figure(s) omitted; refer to PDF]

As shown in Figure 1, the so-called border factors, from a psychological point of view, refers to the extent to which migrant workers are willing to transform into urban citizens. Because of the influence of the material factors on the transformation will of the peasant workers, we should understand the demand of the new generation peasant workers’ urban space embedding and the policy supply of the city’s urbanization in the sense of “Material” in the model, focusing on “Living,” “Occupation,” and “Life.” For the convenience of research, the boundary factors that reflect the transformation will of the new generation of migrant workers are simplified into three aspects: living, occupation, and life [19]. A balance can be found between the demand for rights embedded in urban space and the supply of citizenization policies. In the economic sense, there are three conditions between supply and demand. They are equilibrium state, supply exceeding demand, and demand exceeding supply. In the sociological sense, there is no difference between the first two states. But the insufficient supply state illustrates the obvious distance boundary factor between the urban space demand and the citizenization policy supply. The shadow part of the figure represents the “Boundary factors” that affect the transition intention of the new generation of migrant workers, which can be considered as the most basic conditions to realize the transition. In view of this, eliminating “boundary factors” has positive significant effect to promote the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers into citizens.

4. Measure of the Transformation Effect of the New Generation of Migrant Workers, Urban Spatial Embeddedness Demand, and Policy Supply

4.1. Construction of the Transformation Effect Model of the New Generation of Migrant Workers, Urban Spatial Embeddedness Demand, and Policy Supply

4.1.1. Construction of the Model to Measure the Fit Effect of the Urban Spatial Embeddedness of the New Generation of Migrant Workers

(1) Model Building. The Biprobit model is constructed from the policy supply of urban citizenization to measure the fit effect of urban spatial embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers. Based on the space theory [20], the basic space demand of residence, production, and life has evolved into three basic policies: “urban housing,” “employment promotion,” and “insurance guarantee” [21], and the expression for the measure model is constructed as follows (expression 1):$$\begin{array}{}\text{(1)}& \begin{array}{cc}{y}_1^{\ast }=x_1{\beta }_1+{\epsilon }_1,& \text{if\hspace{0.17em}}{y}_1^{\ast }>0,y_1=1;y_1^{\ast }\le 0,y_1=0,\\ y_2^{\ast }=x_2{\beta }_2+{\epsilon }_2,& \text{if\hspace{0.17em}}{y}_2^{\ast }>0,y_2=1;y_2^{\ast }\le 0,y_2=0.\end{array}\end{array}$$

In formula (1), $y_1^{\ast }$ represents the implicit variable, namely, the basic rights demand of the new generation of migrant workers embedded in urban space. $y_1$ is used as a control variable to measure the basic rights demand of the new generation of migrant workers embedded in urban space, $x_1$ as an explanatory variable, to measure the influence factors of the new generation of migrant workers on the demand of citizen transformation policy, and $y_2^{\ast }$ as an implicit variable, to measure the supply of citizenization policy. $y_2$ stands for the control or decision variables of the supply of the citizenization policy and the explanatory variables that affect the supply of the citizenization policy. The perturbation term ${\epsilon }_1,{\epsilon }_2$ should obey the two-dimensional joint normal distribution according to the relevant requirement, from which we can know that its expectation is 0, variance is 1, and correlation coefficient is $\rho$.

And when $y_1$, $y_2$ all take 1, we can use formula (2) to distinguish the embeddedness fit effect of the new generation peasant workers transforming in the urban space. Its concrete expression is as follows:$$\begin{array}{}\text{(2)}& y=\begin{array}{c}1,\text{if\hspace{0.17em}}{y}_1=1,y_2=1,\\ 0.\end{array}\end{array}$$

(2) Variable Selection. Variable selection is divided into demand variables and supply variables. The demand variable is described as “The right demand of the new generation of migrant workers to integrate into the urban space,” which is mainly reflected in the desire of the new generation of migrant workers in the city to realize the transformation of citizens. The right demand can be reflected by two indexes: the sense of city belonging and the length of residence. The supply variable is described as “The evaluation of the urbanization policy supply of the new generation of migrant workers,” which is reflected by the observation indexes of the supply variable from three aspects: the housing policy, the employment policy, and the insurance guarantee policy.

Variable selection is divided into demand variables and supply variables. The demand variable of basic rights embedded in the urban space of the new generation of migrant workers is named as “demand variable.” Using the questionnaire “Are you willing to settle down under the condition that the current policy of urbanization remains unchanged?” $y_1$ represents whether the new generation of migrant workers has the will to realize the transformation of citizens in their cities if you choose to be assigned a value of $y_1=1$; otherwise, assign a value of 0. The basic rights demand embedded in urban space of the new generation of migrant workers can also choose the observation indexes of demand variables from two aspects: the sense of city belonging and the length of residence; the sense of city belonging is divided into two aspects: cultural level and city preference. In view of the cultural level of the transferred population, it is generally believed that the longer the educational time, and the higher the educational level of the urban integration population, the easier it is to accept the corresponding culture of the town. In other words, the higher the education, the easier it is to integrate into the citizen class, the more easily the citizen quality is reflected in the higher education group of migrant workers [22]. In the process of variable setting, we take the “compulsory education” as the cut-off point and set it as a virtual variable; that is, those who have higher education than junior middle school are assigned a value of 1, that is, edu = 1, and those with other degrees are assigned a value of 0. In view of the preference of the transferred population for the town, we think that the more they like the living city, the stronger the spatial demand is for realizing the right. In the course of field research, we used 5-level Likert scale in the questionnaire design, and the preference of the respondents to the city was gradually divided into five levels: “very like, more like, general like, dislike, and strange.” We set the overall preference as a virtual variable; that is, we set “like = 1” for the first two items and “like = 0” for the last three items, and set“ years of residence” as the virtual variable; that is, more than three years of residence is assigned a value of 1, otherwise, 0.

The supply dimension of urban citizenization policy is named “supply variable,” and the setting “How do you evaluate the supply of urban citizenization policy in your city?” indicates the overall judgment of the new generation of migrant workers on the policy space they enjoy. We also used a 5-level Likert scale, which gradually divided the respondents’ overall judgment on the enjoyment of policy space from high to low into five levels: “very satisfied, satisfied, basically satisfied, uncertain, and dissatisfied.” We set respondent satisfaction as the dummy variable. If the participant chooses one of the first three, we set $y_2=1$, and if the participant chooses the second two, we set $y_2=2$ to 0. In addition, we choose the supply variables from three aspects: housing policy, employment policy, and insurance policy. “Housing policy” mainly includes the urban housing security rights and interests (hous) such as affordable housing, subsidized rental housing, collective housing resettlement, urban and rural self-built housing, and their own housing, not enjoying any subsidies or preferential policies. When setting up the model, we assign any one of the first three types of housing 1, and assign the values of “self-built housing in urban and rural areas” and “self-seeking housing without any subsidies or preferential policies” 0. This is because the latter two types are not associated with the urban migration of migrant workers. “Employment Policy” is mainly concerned with access to employment guidance and training. The “insurance security policy” is mainly concerned with the social security rights on an equal footing with urban residents of the same age, including health care, unemployment, and old-age insurance (safe). The overall judgment of the insurance policy is divided into “very satisfied, satisfied, basically satisfied, uncertain, and dissatisfied.” We set the variable according to the satisfaction of respondents. If the interviewees choose one of the first three, we set “safe = 1,” and if they choose the second two, we set “safe = 0.” The average value and standard deviation of the supply-demand equation of the willing fit state are shown in Table 1. Table 1 is the data relating to mean and standard deviation, which divides the new generation of migrant workers into “Post-80” and “Post-90,” according to the situation of our country.

Table 1

Data relating to mean and standard deviation.

	Totality		“Post-80”		“Post-90”
	Mean value	Standard deviation	Mean value	Standard deviation	Mean value	Standard deviation
y1	0.57	0.56	0.59	0.54	0.64	0.55
y2	0.28	0.34	0.39	0.33	0.21	0.48
Edu	0.41	0.58	0.42	0.46	0.37	0.68
Like	0.38	0.52	0.65	0.43	0.55	0.38
Year	5.39	0.63	6.35	0.61	4.52	0.57
Hous	2.34	2.63	2.18	1.47	2.36	1.77
Guide	1.27	0.38	0.77	0.32	1.18	0.43
Train	0.82	0.66	0.73	0.58	0.82	0.53
Safe	0.53	0.46	0.71	0.65	0.67	0.64

4.1.2. Construction of the Model to Measure the Inhibition Effect of the Urban Spatial Embeddedness of the New Generation of Migrant Workers

The dependent variable of the model is the degree of the urban embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers [23]. In order to examine the relationship between the spatial distance and the urban embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers, we choose the Logit Model. In addition, to better ensure the robustness of the test results, we assign values of 1 and 0 to identity and settlement intention, respectively. If the interviewee considers himself or herself to be a city dweller or an equivalent city dweller, the answer is 1. If the interviewee considers himself or herself a country dweller, the answer is 0. A value of 1 is assigned if the interviewee is willing to settle permanently in the city, and 0 is assigned if he or she considers himself or herself an alien. Simultaneously satisfying those who consider themselves urbanites or equivalent urbanites and who are willing to settle in a city is defined as “Already embedded in the urban space,” and the rest are the three dependent variables, which cannot be embedded into the urban space. According to the above definition, the explanatory variable, that is, the spatial boundary factor, is divided into Habitable space, professional space, and life space, and the dimension variables such as housing, rate of migrant workers, and whether or not to participate in social insurance (safe) are used to express the boundary distance. In addition, the age (age), marital status (marri), educational background (edu), time spent in the city (year), and income in the city (incom) of the new generation of migrant workers are used as control variables in the model test. Build a measurement model as follows:$$\begin{array}{}\text{(3)}& pr\text{distance}=1\mid \text{factor},X,{\epsilon }_i=\frac{\exp \alpha +\beta \text{factor}+{\displaystyle {\sum }_i{k}_i{X}_i+{\epsilon }_i}}{1+\exp \alpha +\beta \text{factor}+{\displaystyle {\sum }_i{k}_i{X}_i+{\epsilon }_i}}.\end{array}$$

In formula (3), “distance” refers to the core variable to be examined, namely, the boundary distance, and “factor” refers to the boundary factor, which mainly includes three aspects of living, occupation, and life, and X is the control variable, including age, marital status, education, time in town, and income. ${\epsilon }_i$ is a random perturbation of the model [24]. In this paper, the definition of model variables, as well as the relevant descriptive statistics of the variables, is shown in Table 2. Table 2 is the definition and description of variables.

Table 2

Definition and description of variables.

Variable name	Definitions and values	Mean value	Standard deviation
Age	Age	34.21	11.36
Hous	Length of residence: 1 = stable residence; 0 = temporary residence	0.55	0.47
Rate	Number of migrant workers in the unit: %	74.46	23.63
Safe	Whether migrant workers participate in social insurance: 1 = yes; 0 = No	0.07	0.25
Marri	Marital status: 1 = married, 0 = unmarried	0.63	0.46
Edu	Education level (years)	7.48	2.15
Year	Various years in the city (years)	8.45	6.70
Incom	Last month’s salary: Yuan	2684.37	1578.78

4.2. Measurement of the Transformation Effect Model of the New Generation of Migrant Workers, Urban Spatial Embedded Demand, and Policy Supply

4.2.1. Data Sources, Uptake, Reliability, and Validity

In the course of the empirical study, the sample data were collected from the questionnaire of the National Social Science Foundation. The questionnaire was designed through the literature review, expert interview, and small sample preinvestigation and large sample formal investigation [25]. The questionnaire was designed with a five-level Likert scale. In the second half of 2018, the research group hired researchers to go to the relevant provinces and cities of Yangtze River Delta Economic Zone for the on-the-spot research and network research [26]. The network and on-the-spot method was easily adopted to carry out the survey, on the one hand, because the overall cultural level of the new generation of migrant workers is relatively high, and, on the other hand, the new generation of migrant workers use the modern information technology conveniently. The survey team distributed 600 questionnaires and collected 562 questionnaires by means of Internet survey. Through the field investigation, 400 questionnaires were distributed, 374 questionnaires were collected, and a total of 936 questionnaires were collected. After sorting and summarizing, the incomplete or incorrect questionnaires were eliminated, and finally 900 valid questionnaires were collected, with an efficiency of 90%. Before the formal large sample survey, we first selected 100 new generation migrant workers in Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, and other cities in Jiangsu Province to carry out a small sample presurvey and used SPSS21.0 software to calculate the survey data, it was found that the overall reliability and validity of the questionnaire, as well as the reliability and validity of each dimension scale, reached the minimum standard of 0.7. On this basis, we tested the reliability and validity of the large sample survey, which also met the requirements of the study. In order to better understand the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers into citizens, so as to carry out comparative analysis, we have to distinguish the new generation of migrant workers between the “Post-80s” and “Post-90s” by combining experts’ opinions and adopt the method of hierarchical classification statistics. This paper is to observe the differences of the spatial survival of the new generation of migrant workers in different ages. The descriptive statistics of this research sample are shown in Table 3. Table 3 is the descriptive statistics of large sample survey data. See Figures 2 to 6 for details. Figure 2 is the distribution of educational levels. Figure 3 is the gender distribution. Figure 4 is the occupational distribution. Figure 5 is the marital status distribution. Figure 6 is the age distribution.

Table 3

Descriptive statistics of large sample survey data.

Indicators	Categories	%
Age	“Post-80”	51.35
	“Post-90”	48.65
Sex	Male	55.32
	Female	44.68
Level of education	0∼6 year	13.36
	7∼9 year	49.52
	10∼12 year	37.12
Marital status	Single	33.71
	Married	66.29
Occupation	Handyman	22.15
	Low-skilled workers	23.57
	High-skilled workers	16.68
	Business services	26.31
	Small business manager	11.29

[figure(s) omitted; refer to PDF]

4.2.2. Empirical Study on the Urban Spatial Fit Effect in the Process of the Transformation of the New Generation of Migrant Workers into Urban Residents

In order to better test the effect of urban spatial integration in the process of the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers, we propose to construct a Biprobit model to study the effect. But before the model is built, it is necessary to calculate the correlation between the variables to ensure that there is no collinearity. Through the calculation, we found that the correlation between the sample variables is less than 0.7 standard, so we can conclude that there is no serious collinearity among the variables. Based on correlation analysis, we use Biprobit model to test the fit effect of urban space in the process of the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers. In Wald test of Rho, T model for measuring the fit effect of urban spatial embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers, its P value is 0.001, which can be used to judge the two equations of the new generation of migrant workers. There are some correlations between their perturbation terms, which are suitable for running the model. The specific estimated values of the model are shown in Table 4. Table 4 is the Biprobit model estimate.

Table 4

Biprobit model estimate.

	Totality		“Post-80”		“Post-90”
	Right demand	Policy supply	Right demand	Policy supply	Right demand	Policy supply
Edu	0.247${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(3.24)		0.241${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(3.61)		0.376${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(2.07)
Like	0.215${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(5.50)		0.238${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(4.64)		0.157${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(5.31)
Year	0.351${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(6.11)		0.246${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(4.53)		0.176${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(6.15)
Hous	0.164${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(4.46)	0.018${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(7.37)	0.235${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(7.53)	0.107${}^{\ast }$(7.15)	0.144${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(3.47)	0.027${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(3.18)
Guide	0.458${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(6.36)	0.373${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(4.46)	0.405${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(5.05)	0.271${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(5.61)	0.234${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(4.11)	0.133${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(4.37)
Train	0.205${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(4.03)	0.057${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(7.13)	0.262${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(3.17)	0.175${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(3.12)	0.428${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(2.75)	0.113${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(5.44)
Safe	0.246${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(1.77)	0.126${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(2.38)	0.214${}^{\ast \ast }$(2.41)	0.152${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(3.31)	0.117${}^{\ast }$(1.86)	0.081${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(2.17)
Cons	−4.635${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(−10.57)	−4.181${}^{\ast \ast }$(−15.06)	−5.561${}^{\ast \ast }$(−7.76)	−4.384${}^{\ast \ast }$(−11.16)	−4.420${}^{\ast \ast }$(−6.16)	−3.242${}^{\ast \ast }$(−10.76)
Wald test of rho	0		0.004		0.001
N	900		436		464

Note. (1) T value in parentheses, ${}^{\ast }$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$ and ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$ are significant at the levels of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively. (2) The result of Wald test of Rho is p.

(1) Urban Spatial Embedded Needs of the New Generation of Migrant Workers. From the perspective of the basic rights demand embedded in the urban space of the new generation of migrant workers (Table 4 is the Biprobit model estimate), the influence of the education level, the degree of preferences to the living city, and the length of residence on the basic rights demand of the new generation of migrant workers in the city are all positive and significant at the 1% level. In other words, the basic rights demand embedded in urban space of the new generation of migrant workers has a positive impact on the realization of their citizens’ will to transform. The educational level of the “Post-90s” migrant workers is higher than that of the “Post-80s”, and the demand for vocational guidance and training is stronger. About liking the current city, “Post-90s” are not as strong as “Post-80s,” with a correlation value of 0.157. The “Post-80s” migrant workers, because of the relative stability of family structure, mature professional skills, relatively high salary, and so on, show the relative stability of living in the city. In terms of length of residence, the “Post-80s” migrant workers generally live longer in cities than the “Post-90s.” Therefore, the “Post-80s’” demanding living quality is significantly higher than the “Post-90s.” The “Post-90s” have high expectation for their career, which is reflected in career guidance and vocational training, at the significance of 99%. As the “Post-90s” have just entered the city for work and are unfamiliar with the urban environment, they are more concerned about their career stability, career income, and postcompetency, for the purpose of “pursuing freshness and curiosity” in different cities. The results of the study confirm the research point of view that the lack of job stability of the new generation of migrant workers is the most direct cause of their frequent urban mobility.

(2) Supply of the Policy of Citizenization. From the perspective of the supply of citizenization policy (Table 4), the supply of housing, occupation, and life-related citizenization policy have a positive effect on the demand of basic rights of the new generation of migrant workers embedded in urban space, and most of the observed indexes are significant at the level of 1%. In other words, housing, occupation, and life-related citizenship policies have a significant impact on their desire to achieve civic transformation. First of all, from the urban housing policy supply, the obvious imbalance occurs between the new generation of migrant workers’ housing demand and supply; especially, the “Post-90s” migrant workers’ housing policy space is more limited; the coefficient is only 0.027. From the employment guidance and training policy, overall, the government attaches importance to employment guidance, but not enough to vocational training. The vocational training of the “Post-90s” is much lower than that of the “Post-80s” (0.113). From the insurance policy supply, the new generation of migrant workers’ overall insurance rate is not high. The “Post-90s” migrant workers enjoy more limited policy space. Thus, there is a significant imbalance between the demand and policy supply.

4.2.3. The Inhibitive Effect of Urban Spatial Embeddedness of the New Generation of Migrant Workers in the Process of Urban Transformation Is Examined

According to the value of likelihood chi-square statistics, the model has a strong explanatory power to the urban spatial embedding of the new generation of migrant workers and passes the test at the level of 1% significance. The new generation of migrant workers embedded in the city is set up as the settlement will of the city, the identity of the city people, or the settlement will of both the city and the identity of the city people. In this process, the control variables are firstly regressed, and the boundary variables between the citizens’ willingness to transform and the actual distance are gradually added. The value of R₂ increases, and it shows that the model is well explained overall.

(1) Boundary Variables. The factor of residential boundary passed the test of significance at the level of 1%, and its coefficient sign is positive, which indicates that the factor of residential boundary can obviously prevent the new generation of migrant workers from embedding into urban space. The probability of spatial embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers with stable living conditions may increase by 10.24%. The reason is obvious. If the new generation of migrant workers have more stable homes and have time to help them find more suitable jobs, they will also pay attention to the quality of life and raise their awareness of risks in life, occupation, health, etc. Then, they can promote their interaction with the city and eventually enhance the adaptability and self-security of the city. The occupational boundary factor has also passed the significance test at the level of 1%, and its coefficient is negative, indicating that the higher the proportion of migrant workers in the unit, the lower the probability of urban spatial embeddedness, and for every 1 percentage point increase in the proportion of new generation migrant workers in the same unit, the probability of their urban spatial embeddedness may decrease by 0.09%, because, on the one hand, it shows that most of them are in informal employment and concentrate in labor-intensive industries such as manufacturing and construction. On the other hand, it also shows that their occupational space is narrow, and they lack opportunities for vocational training and promotion and also lack high-level occupational mobility. Only the influence of life boundary factors on the social insurance of the new generation of migrant workers passes the significant test, and its coefficient sign is positive, which shows that the insurance of migrant workers is helpful for their settlement in the city but has no significant influence on the identity of the urban people. Because most of the new generation of migrant workers do not enjoy a comprehensive basic insurance system, the effects such as job instability, urban mobility, and other urban policy benefits cannot be excluded.

(2) Control Variables. The age, education, length of time in the city, income, and marital status of the new generation of migrant workers have all passed the significant test at the level of 1%, and the influence coefficient is positive. These factors also have certain explanation function to their urban spatial embeddedness and promote their urban spatial embeddedness remarkably. Among them, the income factor is more obvious, because the new generation of migrant workers just start or just live in the city. Income increase is conducive to the stability of their living. It is also conducive to eliminate the instability of residence and the adverse factors from occupation and life. Table 5 is the statistical table of logit model regression analysis results.

Table 5

Statistical table of logit model regression analysis results.

	Urban identity		Intention to settle in the city		Into the space of the city
	Regression 1	Regression 1	Regression 1	Regression 1	Regression 1	Regression 1
Age	0.0005${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0016)	0.0004(0.0014)	0.0059${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0019)	−0.0049${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0069)	0.0109${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0015)	−0.0059(0.0059)
Marri	0.0425${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0316)	−0.0016(0.0316)	0.0157${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0416)	−0.0396${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0464)	0.0633${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0267)	0.0519(0.0615)
Edu	0.0271${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0058)	0.0226${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0066)	0.0228${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0076)	0.0996${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0316)	0.1646${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0367)	0.0593(0.0453)
Year	0.0037${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0031)	0.0076(0.0016)	0.0051${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0016)	0.0067${}^{\ast }$(0.0064)	0.0047${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0087)	0.0037${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0054)
Incom	0.0003${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0001)	−0.001${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0001)	0.0005${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0006)	−0.001${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0004)	0.0001${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0001)	−0.0003${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0004)
Hous		0.1066${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0273)		0.2166${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0273)		0.1024${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0273)
Rate		−0.0051${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0006)		−0.0020${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0004)		−0.0009${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$(0.0007)
Safe		−0.0951${}^{\ast \ast }$(0.0006)		0.0762${}^{\ast \ast }$(0.0004)		−0.0824${}^{\ast \ast }$(0.0005)
Prob > chi2	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000	0.0000
Sample size	900		436		464

Note. T value in parentheses, ${}^{\ast }$, ${}^{\ast \ast }$ and ${}^{\ast \ast \ast }$ are significant at the levels of 10%, 5%, and 1%, respectively.

(3) The Spatial Embeddedness of the New Generation of Migrant Workers and the Difference of Urban Scale. In order to investigate the differences between the urban spatial embedded groups of the new generation of migrant workers and cities, the regression analysis was made according to the groups after “80s” and “90s” and the size of cities, and the results of the “Urban spatial inhibition effect” on the urban embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers are shown in Table 6. From the living boundary factor, whether after “80s” or “90s”, the variable is significant at the level of 1%, and the coefficient is positive. The factors of living boundary are unfavorable to the spatial embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers. From the view of urban space inhibition effect, the impact on the “Post-90s” is greater than that of the “Post-80s,” because the “Post-80s” have a longer time in the city, a better base, and a richer social capital accumulation. From the view of city scale, the factors of living boundary can restrain the spatial embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers, but the degree of inhibition is relatively small in small- and medium-sized cities. The occupation boundary factor has a significant effect on the urban spatial embeddedness of the “Post-90s” group but has no significant effect on the post-80s group. There are two possible reasons for this: first, some labor-intensive industries have gradually taken “Post-90s” migrant workers as the main body, and second, with the promotion of rural revitalization strategy, returning home to start a business has promoted the “Post-80s” return tide. Table 6 is the groups and urban differences of inhibition effect of spatial embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers.

Table 6

The groups and urban differences of inhibition effect of spatial embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers.

Variable	Group	Inhibitory effect	Standard error	Group	Inhibitory effect	Standard error
Living	“Post-90”	0.1516${}^{\ast }$	0.0257	Big city	0.1073${}^{\ast }$	0.0316
	“Post-80”	0.1054	0.0336	Small and medium cities	0.1590	0.0368
Profession	“Post-90”	−0.0a110${}^{\ast }$	0.0005	Big city	−0.0007	0.0005
	“Post-80”	−0.0016	0.0006	Small and medium cities	−0.0002	0.0006
Life	“Post-90”	0.0471	0.0823	Big city	0.0067	0.0476
	“Post-80”	−0.0504	0.0307	Small and medium cities	−0.0525	0.0505

5. Policy Implications and Management Implications

5.1. Policy Implications

This paper takes the transformation of the basic rights needs of the new generation of migrant workers into urban space as the starting point. Based on the theory of urban space, this paper constructs the conceptual model of fit and restraint for the transformation of urban space embeddedness of the new generation of migrant workers and citizens around the basic point of “living, production, and life.” Through the empirical research, it is revealed that “Housing, occupation, and living security” is the basic starting point for the new generation of migrant workers from embedded into urban space to integrated into urban space. When the city adopts the corresponding citizenization policy, it should take the basic rights demand of the new generation of migrant workers into account.

5.2. Management Inspiration

In order to push forward the new-type urbanization, we need to push forward the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers into urban residents. In order to effectively transform the new generation of migrant workers into citizens, it is necessary for the government to take measures and formulate policies from the aspects of salary treatment, employment, children’s school enrollment, social security, and housing household registration and establish and improve the employment security system for migrant workers. In order to better promote the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers into citizens, the government and enterprises should set up a reasonable employment security system, including market access, labor relations, and system design, provide equal opportunities for the new generation of migrant workers to find employment in cities, and ensure their effective access to public resources and services, so as to make it possible for their stable employment in cities. First, urban development policies should be in line with the urban employment policy of migrant workers. Policies for the economic development of urban industries should be adjusted according to the employment of migrant workers. The government should pay more attention to this group’s demand of job changes caused by the upgrading of technology-intensive and labor-intensive industries. Timely clarify and release professional ability standards to the society. Encourage migrant workers to update their technical skills in a timely manner. Increase employment opportunities in cities, and enhance their employability. Second, vocational skills training should be organized through multiple channels, and multimeasures mechanism should be set up in administrative enterprises and schools to enhance employability. The Labor Department should, in accordance with the needs of different positions, organize vocational skills training activities in a timely manner and bring the vocational training of the rural transferred labor force into the urban development system. Last but not least, it is important to construct a fair, reasonable attractive salary incentive system. The urban government shall timely adjust the wage and benefits level in accordance with the urban minimum wage standards, so as to guarantee the survival of migrant workers in urban employment. It is necessary to encourage Labor Union to play an active role in forming a dialogue mechanism that can represent the rights and interests of migrant workers, enhance their voice, and form a new type of labor-capital relations so as to effectively protect their legitimate rights and interests.

Expand the service scope of the public service system. To effectively promote the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers into urban residents and integrate them into cities and towns, the important link is to ensure that urban public services can be equal and fair. The pluralistic and dualistic public service systems are not beneficial for the integration of the transferred labor force into the cities and towns and do not reflect the original intention of equality and fairness as well. The government should provide reasonable public service for the employment of rural migrant workers in cities and towns, expand the scope of urban public service, and effectively attract rural migrant workers to integrate into cities and towns from the aspects of children’s school enrollment, health care, and culture. The first one is to guarantee the children of migrant workers to attend school. The government should formulate policies to ensure that the children of migrant workers enjoy the same rights in education as urban residents. The government should increase financial input to ensure compulsory education, vocational education, and higher education for the children of migrant workers and give them appropriate educational subsidies. It is fine to formulate a reward system to encourage urban schools to admit migrant workers’ children to school and implement a free system for migrant workers’ children to receive vocational education. Secondly, it must ensure that migrant workers and their families enjoy the same medical treatment. The government should encourage the community to build a medical care system including migrant workers’ medical care, help them solve the medical problems in the city, and make sure that they can devote themselves to the urban construction healthily. The government should provide the children of migrant workers equal medical and epidemic prevention treatment and so other social services for free. Then, migrant workers will be satisfied with public services in urban areas. Thirdly, encourage migrant workers to actively participate in community activities, requesting communities to eliminate discrimination, actively absorbing migrant workers to participate in community cultural activities, and ensuring that migrant workers enjoy equal cultural rights and interests in cities, so as to gradually integrate into urban life. Establish urban household registration, housing, and social security systems for migrant workers. Housing and social security are the main obstacles for the new generation of migrant workers to be urban residents. Therefore, the government should set up the urban housing and social security system to speed up the process. Firstly, the government should start from the supply side to provide housing security for the new generation of migrant workers in urban. The government should increase the construction of public rental housing, low-cost housing, affordable housing, and price-restricted housing in response to the demand of migrant workers and encourage them to purchase housing in cities and towns. At the same time, the government should encourage employers to provide migrant workers with dormitories that meet the needs of modern life or provide them with rental subsidies, so as to effectively break one of the bottlenecks of migrant workers integration. Secondly, the government should conduct top-level design and construct the support policy, which is helpful for migrant workers to buy their own house. The local government may, according to the whole working life cycle, encourage the employers to pay a certain proportion of housing subsidies for the migrant workers and help the migrant workers establish a corresponding public reserve fund system, thereby helping the migrant workers to buy houses in cities and towns. The government should formulate policies to reduce or exempt relevant taxes and encourage migrant workers to purchase limited-price urban housing or affordable housing. Financial institutions shall be encouraged to provide long-term and low-interest loans for rural migrant workers to purchase houses in cities and towns. Thirdly, the government should establish the urban employment medical system and the industrial injury medical insurance system for rural migrant workers, so as to ensure that rural migrant workers, if they encounter industrial injury or other occupational diseases, can be treated in time and receive corresponding compensation. The fourth is to encourage employers to pay endowment insurance according to a certain proportion for migrant workers, so as to build a minimum foundation for transformation. At the same time, the government should provide necessary relief for migrant workers during their employment in cities and towns, as well as social relief for families or individuals in special circumstances.

6. Conclusion

Based on the perspective of urban space theory, this paper constructs the conceptual model and measures the model of spatial embeddedness fit and inhibition. Through a questionnaire survey on the transformation of the new generation of migrant workers in some cities in the “Yangtze River Delta” region, from the perspective of right demand and policy supply, this paper investigates the degree of integration and inhibition of the transformation of urban spatial embeddedness by the “Post-80s” and “Post-90s” migrant workers, as well as the differences between groups and cities in the process of new urbanization.

The measurement of the fit effect of the new generation of migrant workers’ urban spatial embeddedness shows that the basic rights demand of the new generation of migrant workers’ urban spatial embeddedness has a positive impact on the realization of their citizens’ transformation will. The higher the education level is, the more they like living in the city. The longer they live in city, the more urgent they are eager for house, occupation, and other needs. From the perspective of the supply of citizenization policy, the effect of the supply of housing, occupation and life-related citizenization policy on the demand of basic rights of the new generation of migrant workers embedded in urban space is positive, and it has an important influence on the realization of citizens’ will to transform. However, there is an obvious imbalance between the demand and policy supply of the three basic rights. The empirical test on the spatial inhibition effect of the new generation of migrant workers in the process of urban transformation shows that the age, education, length of urban residence, income, and marital status of the new generation of migrant workers have some influence on their spatial embeddedness in the city. From the perspective of “urban spatial inhibition effect,” the current policy of urbanization is a double-edged sword, and it also has a certain degree of inhibition to the new generation of migrant workers.

“Post-90s” and “Post-80s” migrant workers have obvious difference in the fit effect of urban spatial embeddedness. First, the “Post-90s” and “Post-80s” need to focus on their own. The second is that the “Post-80s” are better than the “Post-90s” in terms of the policy universality they enjoy. Therefore, the above results of the new generation of migrant workers urban transformation of the spatial inhibition show that the policy inhibition effect of the “post-90s” is more obvious. From the view of city scale, the restraining effect of citizen transformation policy is different in different cities. Overall, the restraining effect is smaller in medium and small cities than that of big cities. In other words, if the new generation of migrant workers want to settle down in small- and medium-sized cities, the cost of transforming citizens is relatively small.

Acknowledgments

The work was supported by National Social Science Foundation Project (16BRK009), Jiangsu Province “333 High-level Talent Training Project” Funding Project (Su Talent [2022] No.2), and Key project of the Wuxi Vocational Education Innovation and Development Program (2020 Zjzd02).

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