Introduction
Bilateral deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN-DBS) is an effective treatment in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD), allowing a significant improvement in cardinal motor symptoms of disease, motor complications (dyskinesias and fluctuations) and quality of life in the long-term follow-up (Bove et al., 2021). Several works have characterized the predictive factors of postoperative DBS outcomes to improve the selection phase and provide reliable prognostic information to patients (Cavallieri et al., 2021).
In the general PD population, the side of motor symptoms onset has been recently investigated as a potential predictor of disease severity or progression. In particular, left side lateralization has been related to greater motor and non-motor impairment (Cubo et al., 2020; Zhu et al., 2021) and faster motor symptom progression (Elkurd et al., 2021). Further, in PD patients with STN-DBS, worse neuropsychological outcomes have been described in patients with predominantly left-sided motor symptoms (Voruz et al., 2022). To date, it is unknown if left side lateralization might also be a predictor of worse motor outcome after STN-DBS.
In this study, we retrospectively assessed a cohort of PD patients who underwent STN-DBS to investigate if the side of motor symptoms onset represents a predictive factor of motor outcome.
Materials and Methods
Participants
This single-center retrospective study included all consecutive PD patients who underwent bilateral STN-DBS at Grenoble University Hospital (France) from 1993 to 2015. PD patients need to fulfill the following inclusion criteria to be included: age at surgery younger than 75 years; presence of disabling motor complications not well optimized with antiparkinsonian medications. Meanwhile, the presence of systemic comorbidities interfering with surgery, severe psychiatric disorders, dementia, severe brain atrophy or diffuse cerebral ischemic lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were exclusion criteria. The surgical procedure has been previously described in detail (Limousin et al., 1995, 1998).
Clinical Assessment
All patients were assessed before (baseline condition) and 1 year after bilateral STN-DBS surgery (follow-up condition). Demographic variables, PD characteristics, cognitive and neuroimaging data have been collected by reviewing medical records. The clinical evaluation was performed in accordance with the Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations (CAPIT) (from 1993 to 1999) (Langston et al., 1992) and the Core Assessment Program for Surgical Interventional Therapies in Parkinson's Disease (CAPSIT-PD) protocol (from 2000 to 2015) (Defer et al., 1999). PD motor severity was quantified with the Hoehn and Yahr scale (H&Y) (Hoehn and Yahr, 1967) and the UPDRS part III score (from 1993 to 2010) (Fahn et al., 1987) or the Movement Disorder Society– sponsored revision of the UPDRS (MDS-UDPRS; from 2011) part III score (Goetz et al., 2008), as previously reported (Bove et al., 2020; Cavallieri et al., 2021). Preoperatively, each patient underwent an acute levodopa challenge to evaluate levodopa responsiveness. All patients were evaluated in the defined “OFF” condition (obtained after a 12-h antiparkinsonian medication withdrawal) and in the defined “ON” condition (obtained after 60 min and the administration of a 50% higher dose of the usual levodopa morning intake). One year after surgery, patients were reevaluated in the on-stimulation/off-medication condition. Moreover, an extensive neuropsychological assessment was performed before surgery including the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (MDRS) (Marson et al., 1997), the frontal score (Pillon et al., 1995) and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (Beck et al., 1996). The total amount of chronic antiparkinsonian medications was calculated as levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD) milligrams (mg) according to previously reported conversion factors (Tomlinson et al., 2010).
Statistical Analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as mean (±SD) and median (range), while frequencies and percentage were calculated for categorical variables. The aim of the study was to evaluate if the side of motor symptoms onset represents a predictive factor of motor outcome 1 year after surgery. We selected as primary outcome measure the motor percentage change between the MDS-UPDRS part III score in the on-stimulation/off-medication condition 1 year after surgery and the preoperative score in the defined off condition.
To test if the variation of the outcome measure was statistically significant, we applied paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed rank test depending on the distribution of the continuous variables.
We selected different independent preoperative variables for regression modeling including: age at surgery; age of PD onset; sex; side of motor symptoms onset; PD duration at surgery; presence or absence of chronic vascular lesions on preoperative brain MRI; BDI-II score; Frontal Score; MATTIS score; MDS-UDPRS part III score and Hoehn and Yahr stage in the defined-off and defined-on condition; levodopa responsiveness; LEDD and motor phenotype (postural instability/gait disorders [PIGD]; tremor dominant, indeterminate) (Stebbins et al., 2013). We performed univariate and multivariate standard linear regression analyses to define if the side of motor symptoms onset could predict motor outcome at 1 year after surgery. We included in the standard multivariate model only significant variables from the univariate models. To rule out collinearity or absence of independence, pairwise correlations were checked among key covariates. Moreover, the two subgroups (right side vs. left side of motor symptoms onset) were compared to find significant differences in demographic and clinical variables. As regards to continuous and ordinal variables, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used to verify the normal distribution. Considering that most of them was not normally distributed, the Mann-Whitney test was used. For categorical variables the chi-square independence test was applied. A p < 0.05 was considered significant and results were reported as standardized β coefficient followed by 95% confidence interval (CI) of β coefficient. Statistical analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows software version 20.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
From a total of 546 consecutive PD patients treated with bilateral STN-DBS from 1993 to 2015 at the Movement Disorders Center of Grenoble University Hospital (France), we excluded from the analyses 313 patients because: incomplete medical records (n = 264); surgical complications responsible for persistent neurological sequelae (n = 18); other brain surgical procedures (n = 17); electrode misplacement (n = 14). Demographic and clinical characteristics of the remaining 233 patients included in the analysis are shown in Table 1. By comparing the two subgroups (right vs. left side of motor symptoms onset) no significant statistical differences in demographic and clinical variables were found, meaning that the two subgroups were homogenous, as reported in Table 1.
TABLE 1
Enlarge this image.Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the PD patients included in the analysis (n = 233).
One year after surgery, the MDS-UPDRS part III scores in the on-stimulation/off-medication condition significantly decreased if compared with the preoperative medication-off condition (p < 0.001) (Table 2).
TABLE 2
Enlarge this image.Table 2. Changes in the MDS-UPDRS part III score 1 year after STN-DBS surgery (n = 233).
The side of motor symptoms onset emerged as a possible predictor of motor outcome on univariate analysis together with age at surgery, age at PD onset, presence of chronic vascular lesions, MDRS, Frontal Score, the MDS-UPDRS part-III score in the defined-off condition, L-dopa responsiveness and tremor dominant phenotype. However, on the multivariate regression analysis, the side of motor symptoms onset was not confirmed as a predictor of STN-DBS motor outcome.
On the contrary, multivariate regression analysis confirmed that higher Frontal Score (β = 0.222, 95% CI = 0.202 to 1.253, p = 0.007) and higher MDS-UPDRS-III score in preoperative off-medication condition (β = 0.262, 95% CI = 0.193 to 0.597, p < 0.001) were significant predictors of a better motor outcome, while the presence of chronic vascular lesions on preoperative brain MRI (β = −0.158, 95% CI = −22.330 to −1.618, p = 0.024) was predictor of a worse outcome at 1 year after surgery. The results of the univariate and multivariate regression analyses are reported in Table 3.
TABLE 3
Enlarge this image.Table 3. Preoperative predictive factors of motor outcome after STN-DBS (n = 233).
Discussion
In this large cohort of PD patients, the side of motor symptoms onset did not predict the motor outcome of STN-DBS at 1 year after surgery. Although in the general PD population left side lateralization has been related to worse motor outcomes (Cubo et al., 2020; Elkurd et al., 2021; Fiorenzato et al., 2021), DBS was equally effective in restoring motor symptoms regardless of motor side lateralization. Further, the good motor response to STN-DBS of both the groups of left- and right-dominant side patients was not in contrast with previous findings of different neuropsychological outcomes according to the motor side lateralization (Voruz et al., 2022). As a matter of the facts, motor and non-motor outcomes of STN-DBS are not strictly related, as they likely rely on different factors and different neurobiological basis (Kurtis et al., 2017).
In this well-selected population (with a good preoperative responsiveness to levodopa), the main predictors of DBS motor outcome were the Frontal Score, the MDS-UPDRS-III score in the preoperative off-medication condition, and the presence of chronic vascular lesions on preoperative brain MRI, as recently reported by our group (Cavallieri et al., 2021). The side of motor symptoms onset did not interact with these factors and did not add a risk of poor motor response. It is interesting to note that the two subgroups were homogenous for both clinical and demographic variables, thus allowing to exclude the possible bias related to inter-group differences.
The main limitation of the study is the unavailability of information about the dominant hemisphere of the patients. In fact, it has been previously postulated that dominant hemisphere would have more efficient motor networks with greater neural reserve, and this may influence motor phenotype and disease progression (Ham et al., 2015). Another limitation to be considered is the retrospective nature of the study.
Conclusions
The side of motor symptoms onset does not influence the motor outcome of PD patients with one-year STN-DBS. Other predictive factors should be considered before surgery. Our findings are relevant to the clinicians in the preoperative selection phase and to properly inform the patients.
Data Availability Statement
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this article will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation.
Ethics Statement
The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Grenoble CHU Research Center Authority. Written informed consent for participation was not required for this study in accordance with the national legislation and the institutional requirements.
Author Contributions
FB and FC conceived the study and were responsible for data analysis and writing the first draft of the manuscript. AC, SM, ESc, AB, EL, AK, PP, EC, ESe, SC, and VF performed the clinical evaluations of the patients and collected the data. FV was responsible for data analysis and writing the first draft of the manuscript. EM conceived the study and revised the manuscript for intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of Interest
FC received personal fees from Zambon outside the submitted work. AC received research grants from France Parkinson Association and Medtronic. SM has received grant support from Medtronic. SC received grants and personal fees from Medtronic and Boston Scientific. VF received honoraria from AbbVie and Medtronic for consulting services and lecturing. EM has received honoraria from Abbott, Medtronic, Kyowa and Newronika for consulting and lecturing and received an educational grant from Boston Scientific.
The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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Francesco Bove1, Francesco Cavallieri2*, Anna Castrioto3, Sara Meoni3, Emmanuelle Schmitt3, Amélie Bichon3, Eugénie Lhommée3, Pierre Pélissier3, Andrea Kistner3, Eric Chevrier3, Eric Seigneuret4, Stephan Chabardès4, Franco Valzania2, Valerie Fraix3 and Elena Moro3
* 1Neurology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
* 2Neurology Unit, Department of Neuromotor and Rehabilitation, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
* 3Division of Neurology, Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences, Inserm U1216, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
* 4Division of Neurosurgery, CHU of Grenoble, Grenoble Alpes University, Grenoble, France
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