A Prospective Cohort Study to Assess Obstructive Respiratory Disease Phenotypes and Endotypes in Japan: The TRAIT Study Design

Abstract

Background: Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and asthma–COPD overlap (ACO) are complex and heterogeneous diseases that share clinical characteristics (phenotypes) and molecular mechanisms (endotypes). Whilst physicians make clinical decisions on diagnostic groups, for some such as ACO there is no commonly accepted criteria. An alternative approach is to evaluate phenotypes and endotypes that are considered to respond well to a specific type of treatment (“treatable traits”) rather than diagnostic labels.

Purpose: The prospective, longitudinal, and observational TRAIT study will evaluate disease characteristics, including both phenotypes and endotypes, in relation to the presentation of obstructive respiratory disease characteristics in patients diagnosed with asthma, COPD, or ACO in Japan, with the aim of further understanding the clinical benefit of a treatable traits-based approach.

Patients and Methods: A total of 1500 participants will be enrolled into three cohorts according to their treating physician’s diagnosis of asthma, COPD, or ACO at screening. Part 1 of the study will involve cross-sectional phenotyping and endotyping at study enrollment. Part 2 of the study will evaluate the progression of clinical characteristics, biomarker profiles, and treatment over a 3-year follow-up period. The follow-up will involve three annual study visits and three telephone calls scheduled at 6-month intervals. A substudy involving 50 participants from the asthma cohort (in which the ratio will be approximately 1:1 including 25 participants with a smoking history of ≥ 10 pack-years and 25 participants with no smoking history), 100 participants from the ACO cohort, and 100 participants from the COPD cohort will evaluate disease phenotypes using inspiratory and expiratory computed tomography scans.

Conclusion: TRAIT will describe clinical characteristics of patients with obstructive respiratory diseases to better understand potential differences and similarities between clinical diagnoses, which will support the improvement of personalized treatment strategies.

Plain Language Summary

Why Was the Study Done?

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two of the most common obstructive respiratory diseases. There are also patients in whom the features of asthma and COPD overlap and they are diagnosed with asthma–COPD overlap. These diseases are complex as they share many similar clinical and biological characteristics, often making diagnosis difficult in a precise or appropriate manner. This study looks at how we can describe the characteristics of patients with asthma, COPD, or ACO and how such characteristics change over time, to provide clinicians with an understanding of how they may assess and treat individual patients.

What Did Researchers Do/Find?

The study involves two parts. The first part aims to understand treatment decisions by looking at characteristics such as symptoms, comorbidities, quality of life, and biomarkers (including blood markers and imaging) among patients diagnosed with asthma, COPD, or ACO in Japan. The second part will look at how these characteristics, treatment, and disease severity change over a 3-year period.

What Do These Results Mean?

The study will increase understanding of the clinical characteristics associated with asthma, COPD, and ACO, with the aim of personalizing treatment to the individual patient to improve disease management.

Introduction

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two of the most common obstructive respiratory diseases worldwide.¹ These diseases have a significant socioeconomic burden associated with them and are important drivers of impairment in health-related quality of life.^1–4 There is a large proportion of patients who present with overlapping disease characteristics and who fulfil the criteria for, and are therefore subsequently diagnosed with, asthma–COPD overlap (ACO).⁵ To provide context, in Japan, a recent study has reported that up to 30% of patients who presented with persistent airflow limitation shared clinical features of both asthma and COPD, and therefore fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for ACO.⁶ A precise definition of ACO has not yet been agreed worldwide and a review showed 11 different definitions in current use, leading to disagreement about the clinical characteristics.⁵ Whilst multiple criteria are used for defining ACO, there is very little concordance between patients classified using different methods.⁷ In 2018, the Japanese Respiratory Society (JRS) published guidelines for the management of ACO, as well as the first unified diagnostic criteria for ACO in Japan.^6,8,9 ACO was defined as the coexistence of asthma features and COPD features in patients with chronic airway obstruction, with a recommendation to treat with inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) in the presence of asthma features in additional to bronchodilators.⁸

There has been difficulty in reaching a consensus regarding ACO due to the fact that both COPD and asthma are clinically and biologically complex diseases, therefore overlap between them increases that complexity.^10,11 The typical characteristics are still under discussion, and differences exist between countries. They exhibit significant heterogeneity, sharing clinical characteristics (phenotypes) and biological mechanisms (endotypes) that are not mutually exclusive.^10–12 These characteristics or traits may be present in isolation or in combination and can change over time, due to progression of the disease or as a consequence of disease management.¹³ Despite the heterogenous nature of these diseases, current treatment guidelines recommend a stepwise approach to disease management based on a primary diagnosis of COPD or asthma, rather than the treatable trait such as airflow obstruction or eosinophilic inflammation.^14,15 Guidance on treatment for patients diagnosed with ACO is less clear, whereby Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines no longer refer to ACO, and instead emphasize that asthma and COPD are different disorders that may share some common traits and clinical features.¹⁵ When these disorders coexist, GOLD proposes initial treatment for asthma using a stepwise approach until further investigations are performed.^5,8,15 It is important to note that in the JRS guidelines, the patients should meet the criteria for COPD as well as the criteria for asthma with COPD, reflecting the fact that patients with ACO should all have COPD and that the asthma component is in addition to COPD.⁸ In clinical practice, physicians are increasingly using a personalized approach to manage patients with obstructive respiratory diseases, with treatment decisions based on clinical characteristics rather than diagnostic labels.^15–17 This approach recognizes clinical characteristics that have been shown to or are considered to respond well to a specific type of treatment, referred to as “treatable traits.”

The body of evidence around the overlapping clinical phenotypes, underlying biological mechanisms and management of patients across the spectrum of obstructive respiratory diseases is growing.^18–22 However, there remains a need for additional large observational studies to fully characterize treatable traits. This two-part study will initially evaluate clinical characteristics, biomarker profiles, and treatment in patients diagnosed with asthma, COPD, or ACO in Japan, with the aim of better understanding treatment decisions and will go on to evaluate the progression of clinical characteristics, biomarker profiles, and treatment evolution over a 3-year longitudinal follow-up period in a Japanese population.

Objectives of the Study Protocol

The primary objective of the TRAIT study is to describe the characteristics of participants with obstructive respiratory diseases categorized on the basis of clinical evaluation and judgment (Part 1). Secondary objectives are to evaluate the progression of clinical characteristics over time, characterize biomarkers and profiles over time, and understand how physicians assess and treat patients with obstructive respiratory disease in clinical practice (Part 2).

Materials and Methods

Study Setting and Design

The TRAIT study (ID212311; JapicCTI-194844)²³ is a prospective, longitudinal, observational cohort study, consisting of two parts (Figure 1). Participants will be enrolled into three cohorts based on a physician’s diagnosis of asthma, COPD, or ACO at screening.

Figure 1 TRAIT study design. Abbreviations: FU, follow-up; Tel, telephone.

Part 1 of the study will involve cross-sectional phenotyping and endotyping to identify clinical and laboratory traits in participants with obstructive respiratory disease at study enrollment (Visit 1); Part 2 will evaluate the progression of clinical traits, biomarker profiles, and treatment over a 3-year, longitudinal follow-up period to identify which have the greatest predictive value for outcome and utility in clinical decision making. The follow-up period will involve three annual study visits and three telephone calls to participants, scheduled at 6-month intervals. Evaluable participants for Part 1 of the study will be all enrolled participants who complete Visit 1 and those for Part 2 will be all enrolled participants who complete Part 1 and at least one study visit in Part 2.

In addition, a phenotyping lung imaging substudy will be conducted to evaluate disease phenotypes through two low-dose high-resolution computed tomography scans (inspiratory and expiratory), to be performed at Visit 1 or any time in this study. A target of 50 participants from the asthma cohort (in which the ratio will be approximately 1:1 including 25 participants with a smoking history of ≥10 pack-years and 25 participants with no smoking history), 100 participants from the ACO cohort, and 100 participants from the COPD cohort will be enrolled for the substudy. Participants will only be able to enter the substudy if they are enrolled at selected study sites with access to appropriate equipment. Additionally, all participants for the substudy will be required to complete at least Part 1 of this study. A steering committee including external experts and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) guided the study design, and will guide the conduct, analysis, and interpretation.

Study Population

Participants (male or female) 40–80 years of age who are capable of giving signed, informed consent will be included into one of three cohorts based on the criteria outlined in Table 1.

Table 1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria of the TRAIT Study

In the asthma cohort at least 50% of participants must be using an ICS/long-acting β₂-agonist (LABA) at screening. In the ACO and COPD cohorts, at least 75% of participants must have a post-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 second/ forced vital capacity (FEV₁/FVC) less than 0.7 at Visit 1, and at least 50% of participants must have experienced an event in the 24 months prior to screening, when an event is defined as symptoms of respiratory tract infection requiring antibiotics and/or systemic corticosteroids, a moderate-to-severe exacerbation, or an asthma attack. The ACO cohort will include participants who meet guideline-defined ACO, COPD with features of asthma, or asthma with features of COPD.⁹ Whilst participants may be enrolled into this study with a physician’s diagnosis of COPD or ACO, and not meet the spirometric criteria for these conditions, the adaptive inclusion criteria will ensure that a substantial proportion of the study population meet the spirometric criterion of post-bronchodilator FEV₁/FVC less than 0.7.¹⁷ Screening data will be monitored to ensure the adaptive inclusion criteria are met. Other participants must meet the definition of unstable ACO/COPD. A participant with unstable ACO/COPD in the context of this study is defined as one who has experienced at least one of the following events in the 24 months prior to or at Visit 1: shortness of breath despite using ICS/LABA medication, symptoms (such as cough, sputum, or shortness of breath), and/or a worsening of symptoms despite using long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA), LAMA/LABA, or ICS/LAMA/LABA medication. No study-specific treatments will be administered; participants will continue to use medications prescribed by their regular treating physician and will continue to visit their regular treating physician for their healthcare. Data on medications taken for respiratory diseases will be collected as part of the study; however, any changes to medications during the study will be at the discretion of the participant’s regular treating physician.

Recruitment

The investigators in each participating site are responsible for the recruitment of eligible patients and for following them up for three years until the end of the study. Enrollment will be closed when the number of patients reaches the target in each cohort. The adaptive criteria may restrict recruitment of patients in three categories: patients with asthma treated with ICS only (without LABA); patients with ACO/COPD with FEV₁/FVC ≥0.7 at Visit 1; patients with ACO/COPD who experienced no acute events (defined above) for 2 years.

Results

The primary endpoint will be assessed in Part 1 of the study and is the proportion of participants presenting with different combinations of clinical characteristics (Table 2). Secondary endpoints (Table 2) will be assessed during Part 2 of the study and include clinical characteristics, biomarker measurements, and physician-assessed parameters. The endpoints of the phenotyping lung imaging substudy will include airway wall thickness, lung density, total lung capacity, and residual volume.

Table 2 Endpoints of the TRAIT Study

Assessments

The schedule for the assessment of the disease-related variables is shown in Table 3.

Table 3 Schedule for Assessment of Disease-Related Variables

Japanese-translated versions of the following questionnaires will be completed at the start of each on-site study visit: A modified version of the COPD Assessment Test: Chronic Airways Assessment Test (CAAT),²⁴ Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ-5),²⁵ and the St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ).²⁶ A summary of these questionnaires is shown in Table 4. A Japanese-translated version of the modified Medical Research Council (mMRC) Dyspnea Scale²⁷ will be completed by investigators and used to measure baseline functional impairment due to dyspnea attributable to respiratory disease (Table 4).

Table 4 Tools to Assess Symptoms in the TRAIT Study

All adverse events will be monitored throughout the study and all serious adverse events will be recorded in the electronic case report form.

Sample Size

An estimated 2000 participants were intended to be screened to enroll approximately 1800 participants into the study. The rationale for the sample size is that when the proportion of participants with any individual clinical characteristic is 50%, the maximum width of the 95% confidence interval (CI) is 8.2%. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the original sample size was revised to ensure a balance between scientific value and study feasibility. A total of 1500 participants will now be enrolled across approximately 80 sites, with 500 participants in each of the asthma, COPD, and ACO, cohorts. The maximum width of the 95% CI marginally increased to 8.9% due to the reduction of sample size.

Statistical Analyses

This is a descriptive study that is not powered to detect differences and no formal statistical hypothesis testing will be performed for any of the endpoints. A cross-sectional analysis will be performed on data from Part 1 of the study when the study is fully enrolled. The primary endpoints are the proportion of participants presenting with combinations of clinical characteristics; therefore, the percentage and 95% CI will be shown for specific combinations of characteristics. Regarding other endpoints, summary statistics will be presented. Data from Part 2 will be analyzed when all participants have completed the study. All endpoints will be explored within each of the asthma, COPD, and ACO cohorts. The change in clinical characteristics over time will be shown, which includes data from pulmonary function tests, questionnaires, and biomarkers.

Discussion

The TRAIT study will evaluate characteristics or traits, including clinical characteristics (phenotypes) and biological mechanisms (endotypes) in patients with asthma, COPD, and ACO in Japan, using a standard methodology across all three groups to investigate the different characteristics and potential clinical benefit of a treatable traits-based approach to patient characterization.

TRAIT will provide further data to compare disease characteristics in Japan to data from large multicenter observational studies, including western cohorts and cohorts in Japan (Hokkaido, Takahata, Kyoto), which have been conducted with the aim of defining clinically relevant subtypes of COPD and asthma, as well as novel biomarkers and predictive markers of progression.^{13,18–22,24,28–30} These include the ECLIPSE, COPDGene, and SPIROMICS studies in COPD, and the European U-BIOPRED study in asthma.^{13,18–22,24,31–33} However, whilst these studies have provided valuable insights into patient characteristics, biomarkers, and phenotypes in asthma and COPD populations, detailed characterization of ACO in these cohorts is limited due to their inclusion criteria. Individuals with ACO are more commonly excluded from studies that require a diagnosis of asthma or COPD, in part due to the lack of definitive inclusion criteria.⁹ The ACO registry and the NOVELTY study, however, did include individuals with ACO as part of their inclusion criteria,^24,34 but more is needed to clarify the responsible molecular pathways and identify possible biomarkers for optimal therapeutic intervention in patients with ACO.³⁵ This study will explore a different approach to classifying patients based on diagnostic labels, because it will explore the characterization of patients across the spectrum of obstructive respiratory disease using a treatable-traits approach.

Strengths

A major strength of the TRAIT study design is that it is a large prospective study across multiple different sites, enabling the longitudinal observation of obstructive lung disease in Japanese clinical practice. Another strength is the comprehensive assessment of clinical characteristics, biomarkers, and physician-assessed parameters in a large patient population across each of the three diagnostic cohorts. In this study, not only will disease-related variables be assessed at an initial baseline visit, but also longitudinally over a 3-year period. This will enable the investigators to evaluate if clinical variables, such as lung function, exacerbations, or quality of life change within the cohorts over time. In addition, the longitudinal collection of a wide variety of biomarkers, including lung imaging, to allow detection of any changes over time, with the potential that these biomarkers could be used as indicators of disease progression. Finally, the adaptive inclusion criteria allow for the recruitment of patients prescribed varying medications, in real-world clinical settings in Japan. This enables the observation of patients with relatively severe disease who require further treatment.

Limitations

Some limitations of the TRAIT study should also be considered. First, the classification of patients into diagnostic groups will be made by physicians, using their own judgment, but whilst this may appear to be a limitation it is also a strength because it will give insights into the criteria used by clinicians in routine practice to categorize patients with airflow limitation. To accommodate this pragmatic approach to recruitment by diagnostic groups, an adaptive approach to recruitment is needed, for example to limit patients recruited to the ACO and COPD group who do not meet spirometric criteria for COPD. Due to the inclusion criteria, participants in the asthma cohort may experience systemic inflammatory diseases that could make it difficult to identify pathogenesis and pose a challenge when interpreting biomarkers. However, this may be mitigated by stratifying data by comorbidities during analysis. The size of the cohorts is relatively small, particularly for the substudy analysis of the high-resolution computed tomography scans, which will only involve participants enrolled at a study site that has access to appropriate equipment. The observational nature of the study also introduces limitations; participants may leave the study for different reasons and dropout rates may be different between the cohorts. The participants who remain in the study may have different characteristics to those who drop out. In addition, since this study will be conducted in Japan, the outcomes obtained may not necessarily be generalizable to other study populations in other countries. Finally, there may be a study effect in that the physicians’ management of the patients may change as a result of joining the study.

Clinical Implications

Physicians worldwide, including in Japan, are increasingly choosing strategies based on the treatable-traits approach by considering the patients phenotype and endotype, rather than assigning diagnostic labels to patients and placing them within a treatment and diagnostic silo.^13,16 This approach is reflected in the GOLD guidelines, which no longer refer to ACO, and emphasize that COPD and asthma are different disorders with common traits and clinical features that may be shared. However, to fully utilize this approach, potential treatable traits across the spectrum of obstructive respiratory diseases need to be fully characterized. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability to assess treatable traits in asthma and COPD, which can subsequently be targeted using a personalized-medicine approach to improve health-related quality of life, disease control, and reduce healthcare visits.^36–38 Results from this study will significantly expand this knowledge base of treatable traits associated with asthma, COPD, and ACO in Japan, where this treatment approach will be important in the future. This, alongside data from other large observational studies, has the potential to advance the management of patients across the spectrum of obstructive respiratory diseases, using a personalized approach, and lead to improved patient outcomes.^{20–22,24,31}

Conclusion

The TRAIT study will help to provide evidence to evaluate the clinical benefit of a treatable traits-based approach in patients with obstructive respiratory diseases. This in turn, will provide support for the improvement of personalized treatment strategies.

Abbreviations

ACO, asthma–COPD overlap; ACQ-5, Asthma Control Questionnaire; BMI, body mass index; CAAT, chronic airways assessment test; CI, confidence interval; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT, computerized tomography; DLCO, diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide; EOS, eosinophil; FeNO, fractional exhaled nitric oxide; FEV₁, forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FU, follow-up; FVC, forced vital capacity; GINA, Global Initiative for Asthma; GOLD, Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; HRU, healthcare resource utilization; ICS, inhaled corticosteroids; JRS, Japanese Respiratory Society; LABA, long-acting β₂-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council; SCR, screening; SGRQ, St George’s Respiratory Questionnaire; Tel, telephone.

Ethics Approval and Informed Consent

The study will be conducted in accordance with applicable local regulations, and the principles stated in the Declaration of Helsinki. All study documents will be reviewed and approved by institutional review boards and/or independent ethics committee(s) at all investigational sites. All patients will be asked to provide written, informed consent.

Acknowledgments

Editorial support in the form of preparation of the first draft based on input from all authors, and collation and incorporation of author feedback to develop subsequent drafts, was provided by Hayley Mukherjee, PhD, and Eloise Morecroft, PhD at Fishawack Indicia Ltd, UK, part of Fishawack Health, and was funded by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). Parts of this paper were presented at the virtual 60th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Respiratory Society as a poster presentation.

Author Contributions

The authors meet criteria for authorship as recommended by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, contributed to the writing and reviewing of the manuscript, and have given final approval for the version to be published.

All authors made substantial contributions to the conception and design, acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; took part in drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; agreed to submit to the current journal; gave final approval of the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work. Nobuyuki Hizawa, Koichi Fukunaga, Hisatoshi Sugiura, Yasutaka Nakano, Tomohiro Hanazawa, Neil Barnes, Chris Compton, Paul W Jones, and Takeo Ishii are members of the steering committee of the TRAIT study who advise on the study execution and the publications including data analyses from scientific or clinical viewpoints. Motokazu Kato, Yutaro Sugiyama, and Ruth Tal-Singer were previous members of the steering committee.

Funding

This study is funded by GSK (Study 212311). The funder of the study had a role in the study design, data analysis, data interpretation, and writing of the report.

Disclosure

This is a prospective, three-group cohort study with no study treatment intervention administered to participants. Nobuyuki Hizawa received scholarship donation (research grant) from GSK in 2018 and lecture fees from GSK, AstraZeneca, and Novartis. Koichi Fukunaga received personal fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim. Hisatoshi Sugiura received lecture fees from GSK, AstraZeneca, Novartis, and Boehringer Ingelheim. Yasutaka Nakano received personal fees from Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, GSK, Novartis, Shionogi, Kyorin Pharmaceutical, Daiichi Sankyo, Chugai Pharmaceutical, Eli Lilly Japan, Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma, Eisai, Olympus, and AstraZeneca. Motokazu Kato received lecture fees from GSK. Yutaro Sugiyama and Tomohiro Hanazawa are GSK employees. Toshihiko Kaise, Paul W Jones, Neil Barnes, Chris Compton, and Takeo Ishii are GSK employees and hold stocks/shares in GSK. Ruth Tal-Singer was a GSK employee at the time of the study, holds stocks/shares in GSK, and received personal fees from Immunomet, Vocalis Health, Teva, and Ena Respiratory and Ena Therapeutics. The authors report no other conflicts of interest in this work.

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