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© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Identifying patients’ immune system status has become critical to managing SARS-CoV-2 infection and avoiding the appearance of secondary infections during a hospital stay. Despite the high volume of research, robust severity and outcome markers are still lacking in COVID-19. We recruited 87 COVID-19 patients and analyzed, by unbiased automated software, 356 parameters at baseline emergency department admission including: high depth immune phenotyping and immune checkpoint expression by spectral flow cytometry, cytokines and other soluble molecules in plasma as well as routine clinical variables. We identified 69 baseline alterations in the expression of immune checkpoints, Ig-like V type receptors and other immune population markers associated with severity (O2 requirement). Thirty-four changes in these markers/populations were associated with secondary infection appearance. In addition, through a longitudinal sample collection, we described the changes which take place in the immune system of COVID-19 patients during secondary infections and in response to corticosteroid treatment. Our study provides information about immune checkpoint molecules and other less-studied receptors with Ig-like V-type domains such as CD108, CD226, HVEM (CD270), B7H3 (CD276), B7H5 (VISTA) and GITR (CD357), defining these as novel interesting molecules in severe and corticosteroids-treated acute infections.

Details

Title
Differential Immune Checkpoint and Ig-like V-Type Receptor Profiles in COVID-19: Associations with Severity and Treatment
Author
Lozano-Rodríguez, Roberto 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Terrón-Arcos, Verónica 1 ; López, Raúl 2 ; Martín-Gutiérrez, Juan 2 ; Martín-Quirós, Alejandro 3 ; Maroun-Eid, Charbel 3 ; Elena Muñoz del Val 3 ; Cañada-Illana, Carlos 3 ; Alejandro Pascual Iglesias 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Quiroga, Jaime Valentín 1 ; Montalbán-Hernández, Karla 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Casalvilla-Dueñas, José Carlos 1 ; García-Garrido, Miguel A 3 ; Álvaro del Balzo-Castillo 4 ; Peinado-Quesada, María A 3 ; Gómez-Lage, Laura 3 ; Herrero-Benito, Carmen 3 ; Butler, Ray G 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Avendaño-Ortiz, José 1 ; López-Collazo, Eduardo 5 

 The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (R.L.-R.); [email protected] (V.T.-A.); [email protected] (A.P.I.); [email protected] (J.V.Q.); [email protected] (K.M.-H.); [email protected] (J.C.C.-D.); [email protected] (Á.d.B.-C.); Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain 
 Butler Scientifics S.L., 08035 Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (R.L.); [email protected] (J.M.-G.); [email protected] (R.G.B.) 
 Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (A.M.-Q.); [email protected] (C.M.-E.); [email protected] (E.M.d.V.); [email protected] (C.C.-I.); [email protected] (M.A.G.-G.); [email protected] (M.A.P.-Q.); [email protected] (L.G.-L.); [email protected] (C.H.-B.) 
 The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (R.L.-R.); [email protected] (V.T.-A.); [email protected] (A.P.I.); [email protected] (J.V.Q.); [email protected] (K.M.-H.); [email protected] (J.C.C.-D.); [email protected] (Á.d.B.-C.); Emergency Department and Emergent Pathology Research Group, IdiPAZ La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (A.M.-Q.); [email protected] (C.M.-E.); [email protected] (E.M.d.V.); [email protected] (C.C.-I.); [email protected] (M.A.G.-G.); [email protected] (M.A.P.-Q.); [email protected] (L.G.-L.); [email protected] (C.H.-B.) 
 The Innate Immune Response Group, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] (R.L.-R.); [email protected] (V.T.-A.); [email protected] (A.P.I.); [email protected] (J.V.Q.); [email protected] (K.M.-H.); [email protected] (J.C.C.-D.); [email protected] (Á.d.B.-C.); Tumor ImmunologyLaboratory, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Paseo de la Castellana 261, 28046 Madrid, Spain; CIBER of Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), 28029 Madrid, Spain 
First page
3287
Publication year
2022
Publication date
2022
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20770383
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2679744662
Copyright
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.