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Abstract
The underlying mechanism for parental asymmetric chromatin dynamics is still unclear. To reveal this, we investigate chromatin dynamics in parthenogenetic, androgenic, and several types of male germ cells-fertilized zygotes. Here we illustrate that parental conflicting role mediates the regulation of chromatin dynamics. Sperm reduces chromatin dynamics in both parental pronuclei (PNs). During spermiogenesis, male germ cells acquire this reducing ability and its resistance. On the other hand, oocytes can increase chromatin dynamics. Notably, the oocytes-derived chromatin dynamics enhancing ability is dominant for the sperm-derived opposing one. This maternal enhancing ability is competed between parental pronuclei. Delayed fertilization timing is critical for this competition and compromises parental asymmetric chromatin dynamics and zygotic transcription. Together, parental competition for the maternal factor enhancing chromatin dynamics is a determinant to establish parental asymmetry, and paternal repressive effects have supporting roles to enhance asymmetry.
Quantification of chromatin dynamics in paternal and maternal pronuclei reveals opposite effects on chromatin dynamics by oocyte- and sperm derived factors.
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1 University of Yamanashi, Advanced Biotechnology Center, Yamanashi, Japan (GRID:grid.267500.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0291 3581); University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamanashi, Japan (GRID:grid.267500.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0291 3581); Azabu University, Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan (GRID:grid.252643.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0029 6233)
2 University of Yamanashi, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamanashi, Japan (GRID:grid.267500.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0291 3581)
3 University of Yamanashi, Advanced Biotechnology Center, Yamanashi, Japan (GRID:grid.267500.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0291 3581)
4 University of Yamanashi, Advanced Biotechnology Center, Yamanashi, Japan (GRID:grid.267500.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0291 3581); National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Stem Cell Biology Team, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Chiba, Japan (GRID:grid.267500.6)