New Benzil and Isoflavone Derivatives with Cytotoxic and NO Production Inhibitory Activities from Placolobium vietnamense

Abstract

The phytochemical investigation of Placolobium vietnamense stems led to the isolation of a new isoflavone derivative (1) and three new benzil derivatives (2–4), together with four known pyranoisoflavones (5–8). The structures of all isolated compounds were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, including NMR and HRMS spectral data, as well as comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. The cytotoxicity of all isolated compounds was assessed against the human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell line, and compound 1 displayed the most significant cytotoxicity with an IC₅₀ value of 8.0 μM. Furthermore, all isolated compounds were also tested for their inhibitory activity against NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Of these, compound 1 exhibited the strongest inhibitory efficacy against the LPS-induced NO production with the IC₅₀ value of 13.7 μM.

1. Introduction

Placolobium is a genus of plants in the family Fabaceae, which contains three accepted species. These are distributed throughout the world’s tropical regions, some extending into temperate zones, especially in East Asia [1]. Placolobium vietnamense N.D.Khoi & Yakovlev is an indigenous plant species, known in Vietnam as ‘Rang Rang’. It is a perennial tree with a straight, cylindrical trunk, and brown bark. The fruit is a small pod with a single seed. This plant is used as a folk remedy for snakebites, debility, and to increase strength after childbirth [1]. There has only been one investigation into the chemical constituents of P. vietnamense [1]. Previously, our group reported the isolation and structure elucidation of six isoflavonoids, including afrormosin, cladrastin, 8-O-methylretusin, millesianin C, barbigerone, and durallone from the EtOAc stem extract of this plant, together with their cytotoxicity. Encouraged by structurally diverse bioactive compounds from Placolobium species [2], the aim of this investigation is to revisit P. vietnamense in order to search for new bioactive compounds. We report herein the isolation and characterization of benzil and isoflavone derivatives from the stems of P. vietnamense. All isolated compounds were assessed for their cytotoxicity against human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell line, which is one of the most fatal cancers and has spread to the liver from other organs. Additionally, the inhibitory activity toward NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages of all isolated compounds was also evaluated.

2. Results and Discussion

2.1. Structural Elucidation of the Isolated Compounds

Chromatographic separation of benzil and isoflavone derivatives from P. vietnamense stems allowed for the isolation of eight compounds, including a new isoflavone derivative, placovinone A (1), and three new benzil derivatives, placovinones B-D (2–4), along with four known pyranoisoflavones (5–8) (Figure 1). The structures of all isolated compounds were elucidated based on NMR and HRMS spectral data, as well as a comprehensive comparison of their spectroscopic and physical data with values from the published literature. The known isolated pyranoisoflavones were characterized as ichthynone (5) [3], durmillone (6) [4], calopogoniumisoflavone B (7) [5], and 4′,5′-dimethoxy-6,6-dimethylpyranoisoflavone (8) [6].

Compound 1 was isolated as a colorless gum. The HRESIMS revealed a protonated molecular ion peak at m/z 367.1549 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₂H₂₃O₅ 367.1545) corresponding to the formula C₂₂H₂₂O₅. The ¹H NMR signal at δ_H 8.42 (s, H-2) and ¹³C NMR signal at δ_C 152.7 (C-2) were characteristic of the isoflavone skeleton [7]. The existence of AA′BB′ spin-system indicated para-substituted B-ring. The presence of a 2,2-dimethyldihydropyrano [8] and two methoxy substituents was identified from the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data (Table 1). A singlet resonance at δ_H 7.32 was assigned to the aromatic proton H-5 on the basis of the long-range coupling to C-4 (δ_C 174.4), C-7 (δ_C 148.3), and C-8a (δ_C 109.9), observed in the HMBC spectrum (Figure 2). The methoxy group at δ_H 3.84 (s) was assigned as 6-OCH₃ according to the HMBC correlation between 6-OCH₃ and C-6 (δ_C 147.1). The long-range correlations observed in the HMBC spectrum of H-1″ (δ_H 2.87, t, J = 6.5 Hz) to C-7 and C-8a were key correlations that revealed the position of 2,2-dimethyldihydropyrano moiety was fused to C-7 and C-8, with the anticipated oxygenation at C-7 being supported by the HMBC correlation from H-5 to C-7. Its 1D and 2D NMR spectral data were similar to those of 6-methoxycalopogonlum isoflavone A [9], except for the replacement of a double bond at C-1″ and C-2″ of the 2,2-dimethylpyrano substituent in 6-methoxycalopogonlum isoflavone A by a C-C single bond in 1. Based on the above spectral evidence, the structure of 1 was established and trivially named as placovinone A.

Compound 2 was obtained as a white amorphous powder. Its molecular formula was determined to be C₂₃H₂₄O₈ based on a protonated molecular ion peak at m/z 429.1566 (calcd for C₂₃H₂₅O₈ 429.1549). The signal of a hydroxyl group at δ_H 10.11 (s, 2-OH) in the ¹H NMR spectrum, together with those of two carbonyl groups at δ_C 190.7 (C-7) and 191.4 (C-8) in the ¹³C NMR spectrum, indicated that 2 was a derivative of 1,2-diphenyl-1,2-ethanedione [10]. The ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data (Table 2) further revealed the presence of a 2,2-dimethylpyrano fragment and four methoxy substituents. In the ¹H NMR spectrum, two singlet protons at δ_H 6.76 and 7.41, were assigned to the two para-positioned aromatic protons H-3’ and H-6’ of the B-ring [11], indicating the B-ring of 2 with 2′,4′,5′-trimethoxy substituent. This was also supported by the strong correlations in the HMBC spectrum (Figure 2). The singlet of the aromatic proton at δ_H 7.24 was identified as H-6 on the basis of the HMBC correlations from H-6 to C-1 (δ_C 112.5), C-2 (δ_C 149.7), C-4 (δ_C 148.2), and C-7 (δ_C 190.7). Consequently, the remaining methoxy group (δ_H 3.84, s) was located at C-5, confirmed by the key HMBC correlation between 5-OCH₃ and C-5 (δ_C 142.5). Hence the location of the 2,2-dimethylpyrano moiety was found to be at C-3 (δ_C 108.9) and C-4, with the anticipated oxygenation at C-4 being confirmed by the HMBC correlation from H-6 to C-4. A careful comparison of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data (Table 2) of 2 with dielsianone [12] identified similar signals, distinguished by the presence of two methoxy groups at C-2′ and C-5′. The existence of these two methoxy substituents was confirmed by the HMBC correlations from 2′-OCH₃ (δ_H 3.33, s) and 5′-OCH₃ (δ_H 3.89, s) to C-2′ (δ_C 156.8) and C-5′ (δ_C 155.6), respectively (Figure 2). From the aforementioned results, the structure of 2 was identified and named as placovinone B.

Compound 3 was isolated as a white amorphous powder. Its molecular formula, C₂₃H₂₆O₇, was determined from its protonated molecular ion peak at m/z 415.1759 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₃H₂₇O₇ 415.1757). This was further confirmed by the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data, which disclosed one methylene, two methyl, two olefinic, three aromatic methine, four methoxy, and ten quaternary carbons (Table 2). The spectroscopic ¹H and ¹³C NMR patterns of 3 were very similar to those of 2, with the only difference being that the keto carbonyl group at C-8 in 2 (δ_C 191.4) was replaced by a methylene substituent in 3. This deduction was supported by the HMBC correlations from H-8 (δ_H 4.20, s) to C-7 (δ_C 202.9) and C-1′ (δ_C 114.2). Based on the above spectral evidence, compound 3 was identified and named placovinone C.

Compound 4 was obtained as a white amorphous powder. The molecular formula C₂₁H₂₂O₅ was obtained from its HRESIMS, which showed a protonated molecular ion peak at m/z 355.1553 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₁H₂₃O₅ 355.1545). ¹³C NMR and HSQC spectra of 4 indicated 21 signals, including one carbonyl, one methylene, two methyl, two methoxy, seven methine, and eight quaternary carbons. Two signals at δ_H 7.21 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-2′, 6′) and 6.88 (d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-3′, 5′) appearing as an AA′BB′ type confirmed the presence of a simple para-substituted B-ring, with a methoxy group (δ_H 3.47, s) being positioned at C-4′ (δ_C 158.2). The careful comparison of the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectral data (Table 2) of 4 was shown to be similar to those of 3, differing only in the absence of two methoxy groups at C-2′ (δ_C 130.7) and C-5′ (δ_C 114.1) on the B-ring of 4, which was supported by the COSY and HMBC correlations (Figure 2). On the basis of these spectral data, the structure of 4 was unambiguously established and named as placovinone D.

2.2. Cytotoxicity

The cytotoxicity of each isolated compound against Hep G2 cell line was assessed [13,14,15] and the IC₅₀ values are listed in Table 3. Compounds 1–8 exhibited different degrees of cytotoxicity toward Hep G2 cell line. Among them, compound 1 exhibited the most significant cytotoxicity against Hep G2 cell line against Hep G2 cell line with an IC₅₀ value of 8.0 μM. Compounds 2–4 and 8 showed moderate cytotoxicity with the IC₅₀ values of 19.8, 22.9, 23.4, and 35.6 μM, respectively, while compounds 5–7 exhibited weak cytotoxicity with the IC₅₀ values of 99.1, 71.6, and 66.6 μM, respectively. Based on the above cytotoxic results, the presence of the 2,2-dimethyldihydropyrano ring in the case of 1 might be responsible for enhancing the activity.

2.3. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production

To determine the inhibitory effects of the isolated compounds on NO production (Table 3), LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells were treated with various concentrations of tested compounds [16]. Additionally, the viability of RAW 264.7 cells using an MTT assay to avoid the cytotoxic effects of the isolated compounds was evaluated. Among eight isolated compounds, compounds 1 and 4 highly inhibited NO production in RAW 264.7 cells with the IC₅₀ values of 13.7 and 15.5 μM, respectively, whereas compounds 2, 3, and 8 moderately inhibited NO production with the IC₅₀ values of 31.0, 47.4, and 54.7 μM, respectively. Compounds 1 and 4 demonstrated cytotoxicity toward RAW 264.7 cells with the IC₅₀ values of 79.2 and 42.6 μM, respectively, while most of the other compounds showed no obvious cytotoxicity (IC₅₀ >100 μM). These results demonstrate that the presence of the para-substituted B-ring of 1 and 4 might be responsible for inhibiting NO production.

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. General Experimental Procedures

The NMR spectra were recorded on Bruker AvanceNEO 600 MHz and Bruker Avance III™ HD 500 MHz NMR spectrometers in DMSO-d₆ (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). Optical rotations were measured on a A.KRÜSS Optronic P8000 polarimeter (KRÜSS, Hamburg, Germany). The IR data were obtained with a Jasco 6600 FT-IR spectrometer using an ATR technique (Jasco, Japan). The HRESIMS spectral data were generated with a X500_R QTOF model mass spectrometer (Sciex, Framingham, MA, USA) and Dionex Ultimate 3000 HPLC system hyphenated with a QExactive Hybrid Quadrupole Orbitrap MS (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). Silica gel 70–230 mesh (Merck) and Sephadex LH-20 gel (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Uppsala, Sweden) were used for column chromatography.

3.2. Plant Material

The stems of P. vietnamense were collected in Dak Nong province, Vietnam, in February 2017. The plant material was identified by botanist Vo Van Chi (former lecturer at the University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam). A voucher specimen (No. SGU-A001) has been deposited in the Herbarium of the Laboratory of Chemistry-Biology-Environment, Sai Gon University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.

3.3. Extraction and Isolation

The air-dried P. vietnamense stems (23 kg) were powdered prior to being extracted with 95% EtOH (45 L × 5) at room temperature. The filtered solution was concentrated in vacuo to afford EtOH crude extract (1200 g). This crude extract was suspended in water and partitioned with n-hexane and then EtOAc to yield n-hexane (271.2 g) and EtOAc (301.3 g) extracts, respectively. The n-hexane extract was subjected to silica gel column chromatography (CC) and eluted with n-hexane–EtOAc (9:1–0:10, v/v) and then EtOAc–MeOH (10:0–0:10, v/v). Based on their TLC behavior, the eluted fractions were grouped into fractions HEX.1–HEX.7. Fraction HEX.4 (34.5 g) was subjected to further silica gel CC and eluted with n-hexane–EtOAc (8:2, v/v) to give subfractions HEX.4.1–HEX.4.8. Subfraction HEX.4.1 (3.0 g) was subjected to silica gel CC and eluted with n-hexane–EtOAc (85:15, v/v) to yield 3 (7.0 mg), 5 (8.0 mg), and 6 (9.7 mg). Subfraction HEX.4.2 (0.9 g) was further purified using silica gel CC and eluted with n-hexane–EtOAc (8:2, v/v) to yield 2 (6.5 mg), 7 (6.4 mg), and 8 (11.4 mg). Subfraction HEX.4.3 (1.1 g) was selected for further purification using Sephadex LH-20 gel CC and eluted with MeOH to afford 1 (5.8 mg) and 4 (6.4 mg).

Placovinone A (1). Colorless gum. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max (log ε) 210 (4.49), 231 (4.25), 278 (4.81), 334 (3.47) nm; IR (ATR) ν_max 2975, 1718, 1619, 1457, 1343, 1279, 1203, 1150, 1013, 757 cm⁻¹; HRESIMS m/z 367.1549 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₂H₂₃O₅ 367.1545); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 500 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) see Table 1.

Placovinone B (2). White amorphous powder. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max (log ε) 250 (4.39), 270 (4.72), 296 (4.30), 337 (3.18) nm; IR (ATR) ν_max 3392, 2977, 2904, 1713, 1635, 1451, 1372, 1288, 1246, 900 cm^-1; HRESIMS m/z 429.1566 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₃H₂₅O₈ 429.1549); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 600 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) see Table 2.

Placovinone C (3). White amorphous powder. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max (log ε) 205 (4.07), 272 (4.87), 339 (2.98) nm; IR (ATR) ν_max 3394, 2977, 2889, 1710, 1642, 1447, 1333, 1289, 1216, 763 cm⁻¹; HRESIMS m/z 415.1759 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₃H₂₇O₇ 415.1757); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 600 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) see Table 2.

Placovinone D (4). White amorphous powder. UV (CH₃OH) λ_max (log ε) 205 (4.11), 270 (4.87), 333 (3.06) nm; IR (ATR) ν_max 3395, 2977, 2896, 1712, 1643, 1448, 1339, 1287, 1218, 763 cm⁻¹; HRESIMS m/z 355.1553 [M + H]⁺ (calcd for C₂₁H₂₃O₅ 355.1545); ¹H NMR (DMSO-d₆, 600 MHz) and ¹³C NMR (DMSO-d₆, 125 MHz) see Table 2.

3.4. Cytotoxicity Assay

According to a previous procedure [17], the cytotoxic evaluation of 1–8 against the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell line was carried out. The positive control was ellipticine, a powerful anticancer medication with various modes of action. The cancer cells were grown in Dulbecco’s Modified Essential Medium (DMEM) at 37 °C in a 5 % CO₂ environment with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin and streptomycin, and 1% L-glutamine. The investigated compounds were added at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 128 µg/mL by dissolving in DMSO (20 mg/mL), and the incubation was carried out once more for 72 h under the same conditions. Following the procedure, an MTT solution (10 µL, 5 mg/mL) was added to each well. The percentage of cell viability vs. sample concentration was plotted using SigmaPlot 10 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) to calculate the IC₅₀ values.

3.5. Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Production Assay

3.5.1. Cell Culture

RAW 264.7 cells were stocked in Dulbecco’s Modified Essential and grown at the condition of 37 °C in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated FBS, streptomycin sulfate (100 µg/mL), and penicillin (100 units/mL) in a humidified environment of 5% CO₂. The RAW 264.7 cells were pre-incubated every two days.

3.5.2. Cell Viability Assay on RAW 264.7 Cells

The cell viability assay was used to determine the cytotoxic effect of the isolated compounds on RAW 264.7 cells. At a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells per well, RAW 264.7 cells were seeded on a 96-well plate and allowed to adhere for 4 h. Then, the cells were treated with 0.5% DMSO, celastrol, and isolated compounds at the indicated concentrations. Celastrol was used as a positive control [16]. After incubating 24 h, the viable cells were measured with a colorimetric assay based on the mitochondria’s ability in viable cells to reduce MTT [18]. The viability cells were treated with vehicle only and were defined as 100% viable. [OD₅₇₀ (treated cell culture) × 100]/OD₅₇₀ was the formula used to determine the percentage of macrophage surviving cells after treatment (vehicle control).

3.5.3. Measurement of Nitric Oxide (NO) Production

The RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with or without 1 μg/mL of LPS (lipopolysaccharide), which was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA), for 24 h with or without 0.5% DMSO, celastrol, and isolated compounds at the indicated concentrations. The culture supernatant (100 μL) was then reacted with 100 μL of Griess reagent [16]. After the Griess assay, the remaining cells were used to screen for their viability using colorimetric assay-MTT (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO, USA).

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we have conducted the successful isolation of eight compounds, including a new isoflavone derivative (1) and three new benzil derivatives (2–4), together with four known pyranoisoflavones (5–8) from P. vietnamense stems. To the best of our knowledge, compounds 1–8 were isolated for the first time from the genus Placolobium. The biological evaluations showed that 1 exhibited the most significant cytotoxicity toward Hep G2 cell line and the strongest inhibitory activity against the LPS-induced NO production. According to these investigation results, the structure of 1 is a promising candidate and could be used as a template for discovering potential anticancer and anti-inflammatory agents.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, J.S. and L.T.M.D.; methodology, L.T.M.D. and T.T.N.H.; formal analysis, J.S.; data curation, J.S. and L.T.M.D.; writing—original draft preparation, J.S. and L.T.M.D.; funding acquisition, J.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The supporting information can be found in the Supplementary Materials.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Sample Availability

Samples of the compounds are not available from the authors.

Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Figures and Tables

Figure 1. Chemical structures of 1–8.

Figure 2. Key COSY (red bold line) and HMBC (blue arrow) correlations of 1–4.

Table 1

¹H (500 MHz) and ¹³C (125 MHz) NMR spectroscopic data of 1 recorded in DMSO-d₆ (δ in ppm).

Position	δH (J in Hz)	δ C	Position	δH (J in Hz)	δ C
2	8.42, s	152.7	3′	6.99, d (8.3)	113.6
3		122.8	4′		158.9
4		174.4	5′	6.99, d (8.3)	113.6
4a		115.9	6′	7.52, d (8.3)	130.0
5	7.32, s	101.8	1″	2.87, t (6.5)	16.4
6		147.1	2″	1.87, t (6.5)	30.6
7		148.3	3″		75.9
8		109.9	4″	1.35, s	26.3
8a		149.5	5″	1.35, s	26.3
1′		124.4	6-OCH3	3.84, s	55.1
2′	7.52, d (8.3)	130.0	4′-OCH3	3.79, s	55.5

Table 2

¹H (600 MHz) and ¹³C (125 MHz) NMR spectroscopic data of 2–4 recorded in DMSO-d₆ (δ in ppm).

Position	2		3		4
	δH (J in Hz)	δ C	δH (J in Hz)	δ C	δH (J in Hz)	δ C
1		112.5		110.8		110.8
2		149.7		153.6		154.1
3		108.9		109.3		109.5
4		148.2		149.1		149.5
5		142.5		140.8		141.1
6	7.24, s	108.7	7.43, s	113.0	7.41, s	113.7
7		190.7		202.9		203.3
8		191.4	4.20, s	38.8	4.26, s	43.6
1′		114.8		114.2		126.9
2′		156.8		151.3	7.21, d (8.7)	130.7
3′	6.76, s	98.0	6.70, s	98.4	6.88, d (8.7)	114.1
4′		143.6		142.5		158.2
5′		155.6		140.8	6.88, d (8.7)	114.1
6′	7.41, s	110.0	6.83, s	115.7	7.21, d (8.7)	130.7
1″	6.55, d (9.9)	116.0	6.58, d (9.9)	115.1	6.56, d (9.6)	113.7
2″	5.63, d (9.9)	130.0	5.75, d (9.9)	129.1	6.74, d (9.6)	129.3
3″		76.8		77.8		78.0
4″	0.92, s	26.3	1.14, s	27.4	1.39, s	27.9
5″	0.92, s	26.3	1.14, s	27.4	1.39, s	27.9
5-OCH3	3.84, s	56.1	3.76, s	56.1	3.76, s	56.5
2′-OCH3	3.33, s	56.7	3.73, s	56.2
4′-OCH3	3.55, s	55.9	3.67, s	56.3	3.47, s	55.2
5′-OCH3	3.89, s	56.1	3.79, s	55.8
2-OH	10.11, s		12.76, s		12.76, s

Table 3

Cytotoxicity against Hep G2 cells and inhibition of NO production in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells of 1–8.

Compound	Cytotoxicity (IC50, µM) a	NO Production (IC50, µM) a
1	8.0 ± 0.2	13.7 ± 0.5
2	19.8 ± 1.5	31.0 ± 0.3
3	22.9 ± 0.5	47.4 ± 0.3
4	23.4 ± 0.5	15.5 ± 0.4
5	99.1 ± 0.9	>100
6	71.6 ± 0.6	>100
7	66.6 ± 0.5	>100
8	35.6 ± 0.3	54.7 ± 0.2
Ellipticine b	0.43 ± 0.03
Celastrol b		1.00 ± 0.10

^a IC₅₀ values were expressed as the mean values of three experiments ± SD. ^b Positive control.

Supplementary Materials

The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/molecules27144624/s1, Figures S1–S23: HRESIMS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectra of 1–4.

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