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Abstract
We investigated the characteristics and functionalities of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (previously Lactobacillus plantarum) towards host immune cells. L. plantarum produces EVs that have a cytoplasmic membrane and contain cytoplasmic metabolites, membrane and cytoplasmic proteins, and small RNAs, but not bacterial cell wall components, namely, lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan. In the presence of L. plantarum EVs, Raw264 cells inducibly produced the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and IF-γ and IL-12, which are involved in the differentiation of naive T-helper cells into T-helper type 1 cells. IgA was produced by PP cells following the addition of EVs. Therefore, L. plantarum EVs activated innate and acquired immune responses. L. plantarum EVs are recognized by Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), which activates NF-κB, but not by other TLRs or NOD-like receptors. N-acylated peptides from lipoprotein19180 (Lp19180) in L. plantarum EVs were identified as novel TLR2 ligands. Therefore, L. plantarum induces an immunostimulation though the TLR2 recognition of the N-acylated amino acid moiety of Lp19180 in EVs. Additionally, we detected a large amount of EVs in the rat gastrointestinal tract for the first time, suggesting that EVs released by probiotics function as a modulator of intestinal immunity.
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Details
1 Kindai University, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Nara, Japan (GRID:grid.258622.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9967)
2 Kyoto University, Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Uji, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
3 Kansai University, Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Suita, Japan (GRID:grid.412013.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 3035)
4 Kindai University, Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Nara, Japan (GRID:grid.258622.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9967); Kindai University, Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Nara, Japan (GRID:grid.258622.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9967)