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Abstract
The Central Andes of Peru are a region of great concern regarding pesticide risk to the health of local communities. Therefore, we conducted an observational study to assess the level of pesticide contamination among Andean people. Analytical chemistry methods were used to measure the concentrations of 170 pesticide-related compounds in hair samples from 50 adult Andean subjects living in rural and urban areas. As part of the study, a questionnaire was administered to the subjects to collect information regarding factors that increase the risk of pesticide exposure. Our results indicate that Andean people are strongly exposed to agrochemicals, being contaminated with a wide array of pesticide-related compounds at high concentration levels. Multivariate analyses and geostatistical modeling identified sociodemographic factors associated with rurality and food origin that increase pesticide exposure risk. The present study represents the first comprehensive investigation of pesticide-related compounds detected in body samples collected from people living in the Central Andes of Peru. Our findings pinpoint an alarming environmental situation that threatens human health in the region and provide a rationale for improving public policies to protect local communities.
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Details
1 Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.508721.9); IRD, INEN, International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), Lima, Peru (GRID:grid.419177.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 4024)
2 Europarc, Institut de Recherche et d’Expertise Scientifique, Strasbourg, France (GRID:grid.419177.d)
3 Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.508721.9); IRD, INEN, International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), Lima, Peru (GRID:grid.419177.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 4024); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Banco Nacional de Tejidos Tumorales, Lima, Peru (GRID:grid.419177.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 4024)
4 IRD, INEN, International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), Lima, Peru (GRID:grid.419177.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 4024); Université de Toulouse, UMR 1037 CRCT, INSERM, UPS, CNRS UMR 5071, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.508721.9); Université de Toulouse, Laboratory of Excellence Toulouse-Cancer (TOUCAN), UPS, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.508721.9)
5 University of Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Vientiane, Laos (GRID:grid.412958.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0604 9200)
6 IRD, INEN, International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), Lima, Peru (GRID:grid.419177.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 4024); Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Neoplásicas, Banco Nacional de Tejidos Tumorales, Lima, Peru (GRID:grid.419177.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 4024)
7 Université Paris Dauphine, UMR 260 LEDa, IRD, CNRS UMR 8007-260, Paris, France (GRID:grid.11024.36) (ISNI:0000000120977052)
8 INSERM U 993, Unité Organisation Nucléaire et Oncogenèse, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France (GRID:grid.7429.8) (ISNI:0000000121866389)
9 Université de Montpellier, UMR 224 MIVEGEC, IRD, CNRS UMR 5290, Montpellier, France (GRID:grid.121334.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 0141)
10 Europarc, Institut de Recherche et d’Expertise Scientifique, Strasbourg, France (GRID:grid.121334.6)
11 Université de Toulouse, UMR 152 PHARMADEV, IRD, UPS, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.508721.9); IRD, INEN, International Joint Laboratory of Molecular Anthropological Oncology (LOAM), Lima, Peru (GRID:grid.419177.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0644 4024); UMR 152 PHARMADEV, Faculté de Pharmacie, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.15781.3a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0723 035X)