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Abstract
Canine cognitive dysfunction (CCD) is a neurodegenerative disease in aging dogs. It has been described previously in relatively small cohorts of dogs using multiple different rating scales. This study aimed to use a minimally modified CCD rating scale developed by previous researchers to describe the prevalence of CCD more thoroughly in a large, nationwide cohort of companion dogs participating in the Dog Aging Project (DAP) (n = 15,019). Associations between various canine characteristics, predicted lifespan quartiles, and CCD were examined using univariable and multivariable logistic regression models and receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. When controlling for all other characteristics, the odds of CCD increased 52% with each additional year of age. Among dogs of the same age, health status, breed type, and sterilization status, odds of CCD were 6.47 times higher in dogs who were not active compared to those who were very active. When controlling for age, breed type, activity level, and other comorbidities, dogs with a history of neurological, eye, or ear disorders had higher odds of CCD. Lifespan quartile analysis showed excellent discriminating ability between CCD positive and negative dogs. Weight-based lifespan quartile estimation could therefore serve as a tool to inform CCD screening by veterinarians.
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1 University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
2 University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657); University of Washington, Department of Family Medicine, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
3 University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657); Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Epidemiology Program, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.270240.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 1622)
4 Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College Station, USA (GRID:grid.264756.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4687 2082)
5 Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Department of Population Health Sciences, Blacksburg, USA (GRID:grid.470073.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2178 7701)
6 University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
7 University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
8 Princeton University, Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006)
9 Tel Aviv University, Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.12136.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0546); Tel Aviv University, Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv, Israel (GRID:grid.12136.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0546); Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, USA (GRID:grid.209665.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 1940)
10 Cornell University, Cornell Veterinary Biobank, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, USA (GRID:grid.5386.8) (ISNI:000000041936877X)
11 University of Georgia, Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, USA (GRID:grid.213876.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 738X)
12 University of Washington, Department of Sociology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657); University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
13 University of Washington, Center for Studies in Demography and Ecology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
14 Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, College Station, USA (GRID:grid.264756.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4687 2082)
15 University of Washington, Department of Family Medicine, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657); University of Washington, Department of Epidemiology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
16 Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, USA (GRID:grid.264756.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4687 2082)
17 University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657); University of Washington, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
18 University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Worcester, USA (GRID:grid.168645.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0742 0364); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.66859.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0546 1623)
19 University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
20 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Division of Public Health Sciences, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.270240.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 2180 1622)
21 University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657); University of Washington, Department of Biology, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
22 University of Washington, Department of Biostatistics, Collaborative Health Studies Coordinating Center, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
23 Arizona State University, School of Life Sciences, Tempe, USA (GRID:grid.215654.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 2636); Arizona State University, Center for Evolution and Medicine, Tempe, USA (GRID:grid.215654.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 2636); Arizona State University, School for Human Evolution and Social Change, Tempe, USA (GRID:grid.215654.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2151 2636)
24 Seattle Children′s Research Institute, Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.240741.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 9026 4165); University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Bioethics and Palliative Care, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)