Elite controllers long-term non progressors present improved survival and slower disease progression

Abstract

Different phenotypes exhibiting no evidences of disease progression have been described in ART-naïve HIV-1 positive individuals. Long-term non progressors (LTNP) and elite controllers (EC) are low frequent examples of immunological and virological control in HIV-1 positive subjects, respectively. The combination of both phenotypes is even less frequent and studied despite being considered as models of HIV-1 functional cure. A multicenter, prospective study in retrospect including clinical and epidemiological data collected from 313 LTNP of 21 Spanish hospitals was carried out. LTNPs maintaining CD4+ T cell counts over 500 cells/µl and viral loads (VL) under 10,000 copies/mL for at least 10 years in the absence of antiretroviral therapy were followed for a median of 20.8 years (IQR = 15.6–25.5). A 52.1% were considered EC (undetectable VL) and LTNP (EC-LTNP) and a total of 171 (54.8%) and 42 (13.5%) out of the 313 participants maintained LTNP status for at least 20 and 30 years, respectively. EC-LTNP showed lower CD4+ T cell count loss (9.9 vs 24.2 cells/µl/year), higher CD4/CD8 ratio (0.01 vs − 0.09 in ratio), and lesser VL increase (no increase vs 197.2 copies/mL/year) compared with LTNPs with detectable VL (vLTNP). Survival probabilities for all-cause mortality at 30 years from HIV + diagnosis were 0.90 for EC-LTNP and 0.70 for vLTNP (p = 2.0 × 10⁻³), and EC-LTNP phenotype was the only factor associated with better survival in multivariate analyses (HR = 0.28; 95% CI 0.10–0.79). The probability to preserve LTNP status at 30 years was 0.51 for EC-LTNP and 0.18 for vLTNP (p < 2.2 × 10⁻¹⁶). Risk factors associated to the loss of LTNP status was: higher age at diagnosis and the increase of VL, whereas the increase of CD4+ T cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratio, the initial EC-LTNP phenotype and HCV coinfection were protective factors. EC-LTNP phenotype was associated with improved survival and slower disease progression compared with other phenotypes of LTNP. EC-LTNP individuals represent one of the most favorable phenotypes of immune activation against HIV-1 found in nature and, therefore, are strong candidates to be considered a model of functional cure of HIV-1 infection.