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Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) is an attractive option for storing renewable electricity and for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals and fuels. In this roadmap, we review recent progress in fundamental understanding, catalyst development, and in engineering and scale-up. We discuss the outstanding challenges towards commercialization of electrochemical CO2R technology: energy efficiencies, selectivities, low current densities, and stability. We highlight the opportunities in establishing rigorous standards for benchmarking performance, advances in in operando characterization, the discovery of new materials towards high value products, the investigation of phenomena across multiple-length scales and the application of data science towards doing so. We hope that this collective perspective sparks new research activities that ultimately bring us a step closer towards establishing a low- or zero-emission carbon cycle.
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1 Department of Materials, Imperial College London , Exhibition Road, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom
2 Catalysis Theory Center, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
3 Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
4 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon , Eugene, OR, United States of America
5 Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS , Paris, F-75006, France
6 Laboratory of Renewable Energy Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
7 Twelve Benefit Corporation , 614 Bancroft Way, Berkeley, CA, 94710, United States of America
8 Laboratory of Nanochemistry for Energy (LNCE), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland
9 College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University , Beijing, People’s Republic of China
10 Department of Interface Science, Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society , Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
11 Leiden Institute of Chemistry , Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
12 Energy, Mining, and Environment Research Centre, National Research Council Canada , Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
13 Institute for Biochemistry, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
14 Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged , Rerrich square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
15 LIQUIDLOOP GmbH, Hardenbergstr. 38, AM1, Technical University Berlin , Berlin, 10623, Germany
16 Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Department, Eindhoven University of Technology , PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Eindhoven Institute of Renewable Energy Systems , PO Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
17 Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory , Livermore, CA 94550, United States of America
18 Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware , 150 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19716, United States of America
19 Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
20 Department of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged , Rerrich square 1, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary; eChemicles Zrt , Alsó Kikötő sor 11, Szeged, H-6726, Hungary
21 Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
22 School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University , Xi’an 710049, People’s Republic of China
23 Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Conversing Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
24 Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Moléculaire, Université Paris Cité, CNRS , Paris, F-75006, France; Institut Universitaire de France , F-75005 Paris, France
25 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
26 Section for Surface Physics and Catalysis(SurfCat), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark , 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
27 Department of Materials, Imperial College London , London, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
28 Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University of Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 124, Berlin, 10623, Germany
29 Institute of Chemistry, UNAM , Mexico City, Mexico