Background
Scaling and root planing (SRP), the standard of care for treatment of periodontitis, leads to an overall improvement in clinical parameters, including reduction in probing depth (PD), percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP), and gain in clinical attachment [1–3]. However, SRP does not lead to major and sustainable clinical improvements in all subjects and periodontal sites, especially in cases of severe periodontitis [1, 4–6]. This is probably because SRP alone is unable to produce a sufficiently deep change in the oral microbial ecology (rebiosis) in order to produce a new stable climax biofilm community compatible with periodontal health [1, 2, 6–9]. Therefore, adjunctive therapies, such as systemic antimicrobials [6, 10–19] and probiotics [20–24], have been proposed with the purpose of potentiating the effects of SRP.
Among all the systemic antibiotics tested to date in the treatment of periodontitis, the combination of metronidazole (MTZ) and amoxicillin (AMX) has been shown to offer the greatest clinical and microbiological benefits. There is consistent scientific evidence showing that the adjunctive use of MTZ+AMX improves the outcomes of SRP, including a greater reduction in the number of deep pockets after treatment and, consequently, in the need for surgical interventions [19]. A number of ecological benefits have been associated with the use of MTZ+AMX during the active phase of treatment. This adjunctive therapy is effective in reducing key periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans [25–30] in periodontal pockets and on other oral surfaces, and to foster an increase in the proportions of beneficial microorganisms [6].
More recently, probiotics have also been suggested as promising adjunctive treatments for periodontitis [20–24, 31–35]. The effects of probiotics in periodontal treatment have been investigated in vitro and in vivo [36–38]. Subgingival recolonization by periodontopathogens [36] and the level of local inflammation [37] are delayed or prevented with the use of probiotics. Probiotics also had a favorable impact on bone density within periodontal pockets [39]. However, few randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have evaluated the effectiveness of systemic probiotics as adjuncts to SRP in periodontal treatment [40–48]. The results of these RCTs have indicated an overall improvement in clinical parameters with the adjunctive use of systemic probiotics in the treatment of periodontitis. However, to date, no robust RCT have evaluated the effects of systemic probiotics in periodontal treatment or have compared the outcomes of this treatment with those obtained with the adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics.
Methods/design
Aim, design, and setting of the study
The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and immunological effects of systemic probiotics as an adjunct to SRP alone or in combination with MTZ+AMX in the treatment of periodontitis. In order to address this aim, a double-blinded, four-armed, placebo-controlled, and bicentric RCT was designed. This study is being conducted at Guarulhos University (UNG; Guarulhos, SP, Brazil) and Federal University of Parana (UFPR; Curitiba, PR, Brazil). The study protocol was developed according to the Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Studies (SPIRIT) guidelines and using the SPIRIT checklist (Additional file 1) [49] and was registered in the ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03733379) database.
Ethical considerations
This trial is being conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki for studies involving human subjects. The protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of UNG (Research Ethics Committee, CAAE: 74049717.7.1001.5506) and UFPR (Research Ethics Committee, CAAE: 74049717.7.3001.0102). All eligible volunteers are being informed about the nature, potential risks, and benefits of their participation in this study, and they sign a term of informed consent (Additional file 2).
Subject population and inclusion/exclusion criteria
Systemically healthy volunteers with untreated generalized severe periodontitis (periodontitis stages III or IV, generalized [50];) are being selected from the Center for Clinical Trials of UNG and Periodontal Clinic of UFPR. Subjects are being selected according to the following inclusion criteria: presence of at least 15 teeth (excluding third molars and teeth indicated for extraction), at least 30% of the teeth with PD and CAL ≥ 4 mm, and a minimum of 6 teeth with at least one interproximal site each with PD and clinical attachment level (CAL) ≥ 5 mm. Exclusion criteria are as follows: pregnancy, breastfeeding, current smokers and former smokers—for at least 5 years [51], systemic diseases that could affect the progression of periodontitis (e.g., diabetes, immunological disorders, osteoporosis), SRP in the previous 12 months, antibiotic therapy in the previous 6 months, long-term intake of anti-inflammatory drugs, need for antibiotic pre-medication for dental treatment, use of orthodontic appliances, extensive prosthetic rehabilitation, and allergy to MTZ and/or AMX.
Interventions
At baseline, all volunteers fulfill a structured questionnaire to collect information about demographic, oral, and general health data. Subsequently, a complete periodontal clinical assessment and subgingival biofilm sampling are performed. One week later, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and peripheral blood samples are collected. Patients receive oral hygiene instruction (OHI), including tooth brushing and interproximal dental hygiene (using dental floss and interdental brushes). Other elements may be indicated according to individual needs, such as subjects with removable prostheses. In addition, supragingival scaling using ultrasonic scaler (Cavitron® Select™ Ultrasonic Scaler, Denstply, New York, USA) and curettes (Millenium, GOLGRAN, São Caetano do Sul, SP, Brazil) are performed. The plaque index is repeated 1 week after OHI and supragingival plaque removal. Subsequently, each volunteer is randomly allocated to one of the following therapeutic groups: (i) control: SRP +two antibiotic placebo pills three times a day (TID) for 14 days + two probiotic placebo lozenges a day for 90 days; (ii) probiotic (test 1): SRP + two antibiotic placebo pills TID for 14 days + two probiotic lozenges a day for 90 days; (iii) antibiotic (test 2): SRP + MTZ 400 mg and AMX 500 mg TID for 14 days + two probiotic placebo lozenges a day for 90 days; and (iv) antibiotic + probiotic (test 3): SRP + MTZ 400 mg and AMX 500 mg TID for 14 days + two probiotic lozenges a day for 90 days (Figs. 1 and 2).
Fig. 1 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Experimental design of the study. AMX, amoxicillin (500 mg, 3 times × day); CLIN, clinical assessment; OHI, oral hygiene instruction; IMUNO, immunological assessment; MICRO, microbiological assessment; MTZ, metronidazole (400 mg, 3 times × day); Prob, probiotic; PMT, periodontal maintenance therapy; SRP, scaling and root planing
Fig. 2 [Images not available. See PDF.]
Schedule of volunteers’ enrolment, interventions, and assessments according to the SPIRIT statement. AMX, amoxicillin; Mo, months; MTZ, metronidazole
The administration of all medications (probiotic and antibiotics) and placebos starts immediately after the first SRP session. Antibiotics (or placebos) are given TID for 14 days and include two tablets, one of MTZ and one of AMX. Antibiotics and placebos are being specially prepared for this study by the same pharmacy (Gallen Pharmacy and Manipulation Ltda, Maringá, PR, Brazil). All tablets have the same color and size and are stored in properly coded opaque plastic bottles, containing 22 capsules/lozenges. Volunteers, therapists, and examiners are blind to the interventions applied.
Probiotic (or placebo) are administered two times per day for 90 days and include one lozenge every 12 h after brushing and flossing. The second lozenge is administered just before going to sleep. The lozenges are slowly dissolved in the volunteer’s oral cavity. Probiotic and placebo are being prepared for this study by BioGaia AB (Stockholm, Sweden). Probiotic lozenges contain 2 different strains of Lactobacillus reuteri: L. reuteri DSM 17938 and L. reuteri ATCC (PTA 5289), each at a minimum amount of 1 × 108 CFU per lozenge. Placebo probiotic lozenges are identical to the active lozenges in taste, texture, and shape, but they do not contain L. reuteri. All lozenges are kept refrigerated at a temperature below 25 °C until they are handed to the patient.
SRP is performed using Gracey curettes (conventional and mini-fives) 5/6, 7/8, 11/12, and 13/14 under local anesthesia, and the treatment is completed in four to six sessions of approximately 1 h, distributed over a period of 14 days. At the end of each session, the clinical coordinator of each center evaluates the effectiveness of SRP using the outcome “smoothness of the scaled roots.” All volunteers will receive clinical monitoring at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-therapies. In addition, all subjects will receive periodontal maintenance every 3 months post-treatment until the end of the study. These sessions include OHI and supragingival/subgingival biofilm/calculus removal, as necessary. If any participant shows periodontal attachment loss ≥ 2 mm in 3 or more sites during the maintenance phase, they will be excluded from the study and referred for periodontal re-treatment.
Monitoring of compliance and adverse events
A study assistant in each clinical center is monitoring the compliance with intake of probiotic/antibiotics/placebos by calling the patients 2 times a week during the first 3 weeks of medication intake. After that, participants are monitored once a week for the next 9 weeks. Volunteers should take 21 antibiotics tablets in the first week and 21 in the second week. They are instructed to return the bottles at beginning of the second week of treatment and receive new bottles containing the same amount of medication to take during the second week. Volunteers are not informed about the total number of tablets in each bottle; therefore, at the end of each week, it is possible to confirm if any residual capsule (22nd) is left in the bottle, to enable compliance to be monitored. Subjects are also asked to return the bottles at 45 days and 90 days post-SRP, and the bottles are checked. On the 14th and at 90 days of the medication intake, subjects answer a questionnaire about any self-perceived side effects.
Clinical examination (baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months)
Two calibrated examiners, one from each center (UNG and UFPR), are performing the clinical evaluations and collection of biofilm, GCF, and blood samples. The following periodontal parameters are being evaluated: visible plaque [52], gingival bleeding (0/1), BOP (0/1), SUP (0/1), PD (mm), and CAL (mm) at six sites per tooth (mesiobuccal, buccal, distobuccal, distolingual/palatal, lingual/palatal and mesiolingual/palatal) in all teeth, excluding third molars. PD and CAL measurements are rounded to the nearest millimeter using a North Carolina periodontal probe (Hu-Friedy, Chicago, IL, USA).
Investigator’ calibration
The two examiners (B.R.V. and G.M.S.S.) were trained and calibrated prior to the trial, in order to achieve maximum reproducibility in the measurements. The calibration exercise for both centers was conducted at UNG before the beginning of the study, as previously described [53]. This exercise will be repeated once a year. Briefly, the standard error of measurement for continuous periodontal clinical parameters (PD and CAL) is evaluated. For the other clinical variables, the average level of agreement between the examiners is determined and considered satisfactory when the value is higher than 90% (Kappa test).
Microbiological monitoring (baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months)
Sample collection
Nine subgingival samples are being collected per volunteer, three in each of the following categories: shallow (PD ≤ 3 mm), moderate (PD = 4–6 mm), and deep (PD ≥ 7 mm). The selected sites are located on non-contiguous interproximal teeth, preferably distributed across the four quadrants and subset according to baseline PD. Teeth with open margins and overhangs, furcation lesions, extensive caries, and/or endo-periodontal lesions are not selected for sampling. After recording the clinical parameters, supragingival plaque is removed and the subgingival samples are collected with individual sterile mini-Gracey curettes #11–12, positioned at the most apical portion of the subgingival sulcus/pocket and with a single apical-coronal movement. The samples are immediately placed in separate Eppendorf tubes containing 150 ul of TE buffer solution (10 mM Tris-HCl, 1 mM EDTA, pH 7.6), and then 100 ul of 0.5 M NaOH is added to each tube and the samples are dispersed using a vortex mixer. The samples are being stored at − 20 °C. The tubes containing the samples are previously identified with the volunteer’s code, date, and site collected.
Processing of microbiological samples
Counts and proportion of 40 bacterial species will be determined in each sample, using the Checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization technique [54, 55]. The microbiological analysis will be entirely performed at the Laboratory of Microbiology of UNG. Briefly, the suspensions containing the bacterial biofilm samples will be boiled for 10 min and neutralized using 0.8 ml of 5 M ammonium acetate, and the DNA is released in the solution. The released DNA will be then placed into the extended slots of a Minislot 30 apparatus (Immunetics, Cambridge, MA, USA) concentrated on a 15 × 15 cm positively charged nylon membrane (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN, USA) and fixed to the membrane by baking it at 120 °C for 20 min. Subsequently, the membrane will be placed in a Miniblotter 45 (Immunetics, Cambridge, MA, USA) with the lanes of DNA at 900 to the lanes of the device. Digoxigenin-labeled whole genomic DNA probes for 40 bacterial species are hybridized in individual lanes of the Miniblotter 45. After hybridization, the membranes are washed in highly astringent solution and the DNA probes are detected using the antibody to digoxigenin conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and chemiluminescence detection. The last two lanes in each run contain standards at concentrations of 105 and 106 cells of each species. Signals will be evaluated visually by comparison with the standards for the test species on the same membrane by a calibrated examiner (k test = 93%). The sensitivity of this assay will be adjusted to allow detection of 104 cells of a given species by adjusting the concentration of each DNA probe [54–56].
Immunological monitoring (baseline and 12 months)
Serum and GCF sampling
Peripheral blood samples and GCF are being collected 1 week after clinical examination. Two non-contiguous diseased sites (i.e., PD and CAL > 5 mm, BoP and no furcation involvement) and two non-contiguous healthy sites (i.e., PD and CAL < 4 mm without BOP and/or gingival bleeding) are being randomly chosen per patient for GCF sampling (among the same sites selected for microbiological sampling). After removal of the supragingival biofilm, the selected sites are isolated with cotton rolls and gently dried with an air syringe to eliminate saliva. GCF is collected by inserting standard paper strips (Periopaper, Oraflow Inc., Smithtown, NY, USA) up to approximately 2 mm into the sulcus/pocket for 30 s. Strips visually contaminated with blood are discarded. The GCF volume is measured in a calibrated device (Periotron 8000, Proflow Inc., Amityville, NY, USA), and the readings are converted into an actual volume (microliter, μl) by reference to a standard curve. Strips from the four selected sites are immediately placed into separate microcentrifuge tubes and stored at − 80 °C for subsequent assays. Peripheral blood samples are into an appropriate tube (Serum BD Vacutainer Plus Plastic Serum Tubes, BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Fasted samples are obtained in the morning for all patients. Immediately after blood collection, the serum is separated from blood by centrifugation (10 min at 1300 rpm) and stored in aliquots at − 80 °C.
Processing of serum and GCF samples
The tubes containing the samples will be vortexed for 15 s and centrifuged for 5 min at 1500×g in order to elute. Samples will be analyzed using a Multiplex Bead Immunoassay (MAGPIX® System, Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) by means of a multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassay for 17 cyto/chemokines (eotaxin, GCSF, GM-CSF, interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, protein chemoattractant monocyte [MCP]-1, MIP-1α, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) using commercially available kits (Milliplex Human Cytokine/Chemokine, EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA) and a plate reader (Luminex. 100TM, EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA), in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. The amount of protein in each sample will extrapolate from standards using an appropriate software (Beadview EMD Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The minimum detectable concentrations for eotaxin, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, MCP-1, MIP-1α, and TNF-α are as follows: 1.2 pg/ml, 0.5 pg/ml, 9.5 pg/ml, 0.1 pg/ml, 0.4 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 1.8 pg/ml, 0.2 pg/ml, 0.3 pg/ml, 10.5 pg/ml, 0.9 pg/ml, 3.5 pg/ml, and 0.1 pg/ml, respectively. The results will be reported as total amount (pg/site/30 s) and concentrations of cyto/chemokines per volume of GCF (pg/μl) and serum (pg/ml).
Primary and secondary outcome variables
The primary outcome variable is the difference among groups for the percentage of volunteers achieving the clinical endpoint for therapy (≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm) at 1 year post-treatment [57].
Secondary outcome variables are as follows: difference between baseline and 12 months post-therapy for mean CAL gain and PD reduction (in the full mouth and in different PD categories), mean number and percentage of volunteers with 0, 1–2, or ≥ 3 sites with different thresholds of residual pockets (e.g., PD ≥ 6 and ≥ 7 mm) at 12 months post-therapy; mean number (and mean reductions) of different thresholds of residual pockets at all post-treatment time points; difference among groups for the percentage of volunteers achieving different thresholds of BOP (e.g., ≤ 10%, 20% and 30% of bleeding sites in the mouth) at 1 year post-treatment; differences in the occurrence of adverse events among therapeutic groups; and differences in the counts and proportions of 40 bacterial species in the biofilm samples at all post-treatment time points and in the levels of 17 chemokines in the GCF and peripheral blood samples at 1 year post-therapy.
Sample size calculation
The ideal sample size to assure adequate power for this study was based on the percentage of volunteers achieving “≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm” at 1 year post-treatment [57]. Considering a difference of 44 percentage points between groups for volunteers achieving this clinical endpoint at 1 year post-treatment [5] and a significance level of 5%, 17 subjects per group would be necessary to provide a power of 80%. Considering an attrition of 25%, it was established that at least 22 subjects should be included in each treatment group. Considering a difference of 30 percentage points between groups for volunteers achieving this clinical endpoint at 1-year post-treatment and a significance level of 5% 37 subjects per group would be necessary to provide a power of 80%. Considering an attrition rate of 15%, it was established that 44 volunteers should be included in each treatment group (total 176 subjects).
Randomization
The study coordinator (M.Fe.), who is not involved in the inclusion and treatment of patients, assigned the study participants to one of the four treatment groups by means of a computer-generated random sequence (Random Allocation Software, http://random-allocation-software.soft). Randomization was stratified by center using permuted blocks of 4, 8, and 12. The study coordinator also organizes the bottles with the antibiotics tablets in opaque plastic bags labeled with the volunteer’s number. In addition, one clinical investigator and the study coordinator sent the randomization list to the BioGaia AB Company (Stockholm, Sweden). The company made and packed the probiotic (and placebo) lozenges in boxes labeled with each volunteer’s number. The bags are handed directly to the volunteer by the study coordinator. This sequence of procedures assures allocation concealment.
Data collection and management
Clinical data are entered directly onto electronic spreadsheets (Microsoft® Excel 2011®, version 14.4.8, Copyright© 1990, Microsoft, Santa Rosa, California, USA), at the time of clinical examination, by a single investigator in each center. Data quality will be validated by checking missing data, out-of-range values, and invalid responses. The analyses will be conducted using a statistical program developed by Sigmund Socransky (Forsyth, USA), as well as SAS and GraphPad Prism (version 7.0) software.
Statistical analysis
Clinical monitoring
The chi-square test will be used to compare the differences in the frequency of gender and to compare the differences in the frequency of subjects achieving the clinical endpoint for treatment (≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm) at 1-year (primary outcome variable) and of self-perceived adverse effects. Each individual continue/categorical variable will be computed per subject and then across subjects in each group. The significance of clinical differences over the course of the study will be sought using repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman multiple comparison tests (and their respective post-hoc tests, when necessary), and at each time point (among groups), using either ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison tests (and their respective post-hoc tests when necessary) or ANCOVA with adjustments for the baseline values. Parametric or non-parametric tests will be chosen based on the normality of the data. A stepwise forward logistic regression analysis will be performed to investigate the impact of predictor variables on the clinical endpoint for treatment, i.e., “presence of ≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm at 1-year post-therapy (yes/no).” The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) with each treatment protocol in order to obtain treatment success (≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm) will be calculated using the following formula: NNT = 1/ARR, where ARR = |CER − EER| and CER = control group event rate and EER = experimental group event rate (http://ktclearinghouse.ca/cebm/glossary/nnt). The level of significance will be set at 5%. The data will be evaluated using intention-to-treat analysis with last observation carried forward.
Microbiological and immunological monitoring
Microbiological data will be expressed in counts (levels) and proportion counts of DNA probes. Mean counts will be expressed as counts × 105. Microbial data will be calculated at each site for each volunteer and then across volunteers within each group, at each time point. The sum of the mean proportions of individual bacterial species will be computed for each microbial complex described by Socransky et al. [58]. The concentration and total amount of each cytokine/chemokine in the GCF will be assessed per volunteer and then per volunteer within each group at each study time point. Immunological data will be calculated at each site for each volunteer and then across volunteers within each group, at each time point. The significance of differences in microbiological and immunological parameters over the course of the study will be sought using repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman multiple comparison tests (and their respective post-hoc tests, when necessary) and at each time point (among groups) using either ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis multiple comparison tests (and their respective post-hoc tests when necessary) or ANCOVA with adjustments for the baseline values. Parametric or non-parametric tests will be chosen based on the normality of the data.
Trial status
The study protocol was approved by Guarulhos University (CAAE: 74049717.7.1001.5506) and Federal University of Parana (CAAE: 74049717.7.3001.0102) Ethics Committees on October 3 (2017) and February 28 (2018) respectively.
The recruitment of participants started on November 5 (2018), and the estimated study completion date is December 30 (2021).
Acknowledgements
The authors of this manuscript entitled would like to thank the BioGaia AB Company (Stockholm, Sweden) for supporting this study. The authors also acknowledge the Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq, Brazil) for supporting some researchers involved in this study.
Authors’ contributions
MF and BRV drafted the manuscript. MF, WT, and BRV contributed to the study conception and design. MF is the general coordinator. BRV, LMO, RNS, AF, GMSS, and NT are responsible for the recruitment of the participants, clinical assessment, and collection of microbiological and immunological samples. AF, PG, and CPF perform the periodontal treatment. PMD will be responsible for processing the immunological samples. LCF will be responsible for processing the microbiological samples. HD will perform the clinical and immunological data analysis. MF will perform the microbiological data analysis. All authors critically revised the manuscript, gave final approval, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of work ensuring integrity and accuracy.
Funding
The authors of this manuscript declare that this study is being supported by BioGaia AB Company, Stockholm, Sweden. Biogaia contributed to study conception and design and will review the final manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The authors of this manuscript declare that the study protocol was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with register number NCT03733379 on November 7, 2018. The data during the current study will be available in the following clinical trial website: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03733379?term=Retamal-Valdes&draw=2&rank=1
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The authors of this manuscript declare that the Guarulhos University Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CAAE: 74049717.7.1001.5506) and Federal University of Parana Ethics Committee (CAAE: 74049717.7.3001.0102) approved the study protocol. In addition, all participants have signed the informed consent term and approved their participation in the study.
Consent for publication
“Not applicable.”
Competing interests
This study is being supported by BioGaia AB Company, Stockholm, Sweden. The authors certify that have no commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the manuscript.
Abbreviations
Scaling and root planing
Bleeding on probing
Suppuration
Probing depth
Metronidazole
Amoxicillin
Randomized clinical trial
Guarulhos University
Federal University of Parana
Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Studies
Clinical attachment level
Gingival crevicular fluid
Oral hygiene instruction
Thrice a day
American Type Culture Collection
Colony forming unit
Molar concentration
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Generalized estimating equation
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
1. Haffajee, AD; Cugini, MA; Dibart, S; Smith, C; Kent, RL, Jr; Socransky, SS. The effect of SRP on the clinical and microbiological parameters of periodontal diseases. J Clin Periodontol; 1997; 24,
2. Cugini, MA; Haffajee, AD; Smith, C; Kent, RL, Jr; Socransky, SS. The effect of scaling and root planing on the clinical and microbiological parameters of periodontal diseases: 12-month results. J Clin Periodontol; 2000; 27,
3. Cobb, CM. Clinical significance of non-surgical periodontal therapy: an evidence-based perspective of scaling and root planing. J Clin Periodontol; 2002; 29,
4. Goodson, JM; Haffajee, AD; Socransky, SS; Kent, R; Teles, R; Hasturk, H; Bogren, A; van Dyke, T; Wennstrom, J; Lindhe, J. Control of periodontal infections: a randomized controlled trial I. The primary outcome attachment gain and pocket depth reduction at treated sites. J Clin Periodontol; 2012; 39,
5. Feres, M; Soares, GM; Mendes, JA; Silva, MP; Faveri, M; Teles, R et al. Metronidazole alone or with amoxicillin as adjuncts to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1-year double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol; 2012; 39,
6. Feres, M; Figueiredo, LC; Soares, GM; Faveri, M. Systemic antibiotics in the treatment of periodontitis. Periodontol 2000; 2015; 67,
7. Soares, GM; Mendes, JA; Silva, MP; Faveri, M; Teles, R; Socransky, SS et al. Metronidazole alone or with amoxicillin as adjuncts to non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a secondary analysis of microbiological results from a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol; 2014; 41,
8. Silva, MP; Feres, M; Sirotto, TA; Soares, GM; Mendes, JA; Faveri, M et al. Clinical and microbiological benefits of metronidazole alone or with amoxicillin as adjuncts in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol; 2011; 38,
9. Teughels W, Feres M, Oud V, Martín C, Matesanz P, Herrera D. Adjunctive effect of systemic antimicrobials in periodontitis therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(Suppl 22):257–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpe.13264.
10. Haffajee, AD; Socransky, SS; Gunsolley, JC. Systemic anti-infective periodontal therapy. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol; 2003; 8,
11. Herrera, D; Sanz, M; Jepsen, S; Needleman, I; Roldan, S. A systematic review on the effect of systemic antimicrobials as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in periodontitis patients. J Clin Periodontol; 2002; 29,
12. Sgolastra, F; Gatto, R; Petrucci, A; Monaco, A. Effectiveness of systemic amoxicillin/metronidazole as adjunctive therapy to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol; 2012; 83,
13. Sgolastra, F; Petrucci, A; Gatto, R; Monaco, A. Effectiveness of systemic amoxicillin/metronidazole as an adjunctive therapy to full-mouth scaling and root planing in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontol; 2012; 83,
14. Zandbergen, D; Slot, DE; Cobb, CM; Van der Weijden, FA. The clinical effect of scaling and root planing and the concomitant administration of systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole: a systematic review. J Periodontol; 2013; 84,
15. Keestra, JA; Grosjean, I; Coucke, W; Quirynen, M; Teughels, W. Non-surgical periodontal therapy with systemic antibiotics in patients with untreated aggressive periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontal Res; 2015; 50,
16. Keestra, JA; Grosjean, I; Coucke, W; Quirynen, M; Teughels, W. Non-surgical periodontal therapy with systemic antibiotics in patients with untreated chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Periodontal Res; 2015; 50,
17. Rabelo, CC; Feres, M; Goncalves, C; Figueiredo, LC; Faveri, M; Tu, YK et al. Systemic antibiotics in the treatment of aggressive periodontitis. A systematic review and a Bayesian network meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol; 2015; 42,
18. Zandbergen, D; Slot, DE; Niederman, R; Van der Weijden, FA. The concomitant administration of systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole compared to scaling and root planing alone in treating periodontitis: =a systematic review=. BMC Oral Health; 2016; 16,
19. Teughels W, Feres M, Oud V, Martin C, Matesanz P, Herrera D. Adjunctive effect of systemic antimicrobials in periodontitis therapy. A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2020.
20. Teughels, W; Van Essche, M; Sliepen, I; Quirynen, M. Probiotics and oral healthcare. Periodontol 2000; 2008; 48, pp. 111-147. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00254.x]
21. Teughels, W; Loozen, G; Quirynen, M. Do probiotics offer opportunities to manipulate the periodontal oral microbiota?. J Clin Periodontol; 2011; 38,
22. Martin-Cabezas, R; Davideau, JL; Tenenbaum, H; Huck, O. Clinical efficacy of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy to non-surgical periodontal treatment of chronic periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol; 2016; 43,
23. Ikram, S; Hassan, N; Raffat, MA; Mirza, S; Akram, Z. Systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials using probiotics in chronic periodontitis. J Investig Clin Dent; 2018; 9,
24. Vives-Soler, A; Chimenos-Kustner, E. Effect of probiotics as a complement to non-surgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis: a systematic review. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal; 2020; 25,
25. van Winkelhoff, AJ; Rodenburg, JP; Goene, RJ; Abbas, F; Winkel, EG; de Graaff, J. Metronidazole plus amoxycillin in the treatment of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans associated periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol; 1989; 16,
26. Goené, RJ; Winkel, EG; Abbas, F; Rodenburg, JP; van Winkelhoff, AJ; de Graaff, J. Microbiology in diagnosis and treatment of severe periodontitis. A report of four cases. J Periodontol; 1990; 61,
27. van Winkelhoff, AJ; Tijhof, CJ; de Graaff, J. Microbiological and clinical results of metronidazole plus amoxicillin therapy in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. J Periodontol; 1992; 63,
28. Berglundh, T; Krok, L; Liljenberg, B; Westfelt, E; Serino, G; Lindhe, J. The use of metronidazole and amoxicillin in the treatment of advanced periodontal disease. A prospective, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol; 1998; 25,
29. Winkel, EG; van Winkelhoff, AJ; van der Velden, U. Additional clinical and microbiological effects of amoxicillin and metronidazole after initial periodontal therapy. J Clin Periodontol; 1998; 25,
30. Flemmig, TF; Milián, E; Karch, H; Klaiber, B. Differential clinical treatment outcome after systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin in patients harboring Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and/or Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Clin Periodontol; 1998; 25,
31. Gruner, D; Paris, S; Schwendicke, F. Probiotics for managing caries and periodontitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent; 2016; 48, pp. 16-25. [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.002] [PubMed: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26965080]
32. Matsubara, VH; Bandara, HM; Ishikawa, KH; Mayer, MP; Samaranayake, LP. The role of probiotic bacteria in managing periodontal disease: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti-Infect Ther; 2016; 14,
33. Ouwehand AC, Invernici MM, Furlaneto FAC, Messora MR. Effectiveness of multistrain versus single-strain probiotics: current status and recommendations for the future. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52 Suppl 1, Proceedings from the 9th Probiotics, Prebiotics and New Foods, Nutraceuticals and Botanicals for Nutrition & Human and Microbiota Health Meeting, held in Rome, Italy from September 10 to 12, 2017:S35-s40.
34. Ho, SN; Acharya, A; Sidharthan, S; Li, KY; Leung, WK; McGrath, C; Pelekos, G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical, immunological, and microbiological shift in periodontitis after nonsurgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive use of probiotics. J Evid Based Dent Pract; 2020; 20,
35. Nguyen, T; Brody, H; Lin, GH; Rangé, H; Kuraji, R; Ye, C et al. Probiotics, including nisin-based probiotics, improve clinical and microbial outcomes relevant to oral and systemic diseases. Periodontol 2000; 2020; 82,
36. Teughels, W; Newman, MG; Coucke, W; Haffajee, AD; Van Der Mei, HC; Haake, SK et al. Guiding periodontal pocket recolonization: a proof of concept. J Dent Res; 2007; 86,
37. Maekawa, T; Hajishengallis, G. Topical treatment with probiotic Lactobacillus brevis CD2 inhibits experimental periodontal inflammation and bone loss. J Periodontal Res; 2014; 49,
38. Nissen, L; Sgorbati, B; Biavati, B; Belibasakis, GN. Lactobacillus salivarius and L. gasseri down-regulate Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans exotoxins expression. Ann Microbiol; 2014; 64,
39. Nackaerts, O; Jacobs, R; Quirynen, M; Rober, M; Sun, Y; Teughels, W. Replacement therapy for periodontitis: pilot radiographic evaluation in a dog model. J Clin Periodontol; 2008; 35,
40. Shimauchi, H; Mayanagi, G; Nakaya, S; Minamibuchi, M; Ito, Y; Yamaki, K; Hirata, H. Improvement of periodontal condition by probiotics with Lactobacillus salivarius WB21: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol; 2008; 35,
41. Mayanagi, G; Kimura, M; Nakaya, S; Hirata, H; Sakamoto, M; Benno, Y; Shimauchi, H. Probiotic effects of orally administered Lactobacillus salivarius WB21-containing tablets on periodontopathic bacteria: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol; 2009; 36,
42. Vivekananda MR, Vandana KL, Bhat KG. Effect of the probiotic Lactobacilli reuteri (Prodentis) in the management of periodontal disease: a preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Oral Microbiol. 2010;2(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/jom.v2i0.5344.
43. Teughels, W; Durukan, A; Ozcelik, O; Pauwels, M; Quirynen, M; Haytac, MC. Clinical and microbiological effects of Lactobacillus reuteri probiotics in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled study. J Clin Periodontol; 2013; 40,
44. Laleman, I; Yilmaz, E; Ozcelik, O; Haytac, C; Pauwels, M; Herrero, ER; Slomka, V; Quirynen, M; Alkaya, B; Teughels, W. The effect of a streptococci containing probiotic in periodontal therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Periodontol; 2015; 42,
45. Tekce, M; Ince, G; Gursoy, H; Dirikan Ipci, S; Cakar, G; Kadir, T; Yılmaz, S. Clinical and microbiological effects of probiotic lozenges in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a 1-year follow-up study. J Clin Periodontol; 2015; 42,
46. Morales, A; Carvajal, P; Silva, N; Hernandez, M; Godoy, C; Rodriguez, G; Cabello, R; Garcia-Sesnich, J; Hoare, A; Diaz, PI; Gamonal, J. Clinical effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in non-surgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. J Periodontol; 2016; 87,
47. Morales, A; Gandolfo, A; Bravo, J; Carvajal, P; Silva, N; Godoy, C et al. Microbiological and clinical effects of probiotics and antibiotics on nonsurgical treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized placebo- controlled trial with 9-month follow-up. J Appl Oral Sci; 2018; 26, [DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-7757-2017-0075]
48. Invernici, MM; Salvador, SL; Silva, PHF; Soares, MSM; Casarin, R; Palioto, DB; Souza, SLS; Taba, M, Jr; Novaes, AB, Jr; Furlaneto, FAC; Messora, MR. Effects of Bifidobacterium probiotic on the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol; 2018; 45,
49. Chan, AW; Tetzlaff, JM; Altman, DG; Laupacis, A; Gotzsche, PC; Krleza-Jeric, K et al. SPIRIT 2013 statement: defining standard protocol items for clinical trials. Ann Intern Med; 2013; 158,
50. Papapanou, PN; Sanz, M; Buduneli, N; Dietrich, T; Feres, M; Fine, DH; Flemmig, TF; Garcia, R; Giannobile, WV; Graziani, F; Greenwell, H; Herrera, D; Kao, RT; Kebschull, M; Kinane, DF; Kirkwood, KL; Kocher, T; Kornman, KS; Kumar, PS; Loos, BG; Machtei, E; Meng, H; Mombelli, A; Needleman, I; Offenbacher, S; Seymour, GJ; Teles, R; Tonetti, MS. Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol; 2018; 45,
51. Lang, NP; Tonetti, MS. Periodontal risk assessment (PRA) for patients in supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Oral Health Prev Dent; 2003; 1,
52. Silness, J; Loe, H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand; 1964; 22,
53. Araujo, MW; Hovey, KM; Benedek, JR; Grossi, SG; Dorn, J; Wactawski-Wende, J et al. Reproducibility of probing depth measurement using a constant-force electronic probe: analysis of inter- and intraexaminer variability. J Periodontol; 2003; 74,
54. Socransky, SS; Smith, C; Martin, L; Paster, BJ; Dewhirst, FE; Levin, AE. “Checkerboard” DNA-DNA hybridization. Biotechniques; 1994; 17,
55. Mestnik, MJ; Feres, M; Figueiredo, LC; Duarte, PM; Lira, EA; Faveri, M. Short-term benefits of the adjunctive use of metronidazole plus amoxicillin in the microbial profile and in the clinical parameters of subjects with generalized aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol; 2010; 37,
56. Tamashiro, NS; Duarte, PM; Miranda, TS; Maciel, SS; Figueiredo, LC; Faveri, M; Feres, M. Amoxicillin plus metronidazole therapy for patients with periodontitis and type 2 diabetes: a 2-year randomized controlled trial. J Dent Res; 2016; 95,
57. Feres, M; Retamal-Valdes, B; Faveri, M; Duarte, P; Shibli, J; Soares, GMS; Miranda, T; Teles, F; Goodson, M; Hasturk, H; van Dyke, T; Ehmke, B; Eickholz, P; Schlagenhauf, U; Meyle, J; Koch, R; Kocher, T; Hoffmann, T; Kim, TS; Kaner, D; Figueiredo, LC; Doyle, H. Proposal of a clinical endpoint for periodontal trials: the treat-to-target approach. J Int Acad Periodontol; 2020; 22,
58. Socransky, SS; Haffajee, AD; Cugini, MA; Smith, C; Kent, RL, Jr. Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol; 1998; 25,
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
© The Author(s) 2021. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
Abstract
Background
The association of scaling and root planing (SRP) with systemic metronidazole (MTZ) plus amoxicillin (AMX) has shown to be an effective treatment protocol, particularly for periodontitis stages III and IV, generalized. More recently, probiotics have also been suggested as a promising adjunctive treatment for periodontal diseases due to their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, the aim of this randomized clinical trial (RCT) is to evaluate the clinical, microbiological, and immunological effects of probiotics as adjuncts to SRP alone or with MTZ+AMX in the treatment of periodontitis.
Methods
Subjects with periodontitis are being randomly assigned to receive (i) SRP alone, or with (ii) two probiotic lozenges/day for 90 days (Prob), (iii) MTZ (400 mg) and AMX (500 mg) thrice a day (TID) for 14 days (MTZ+AMX), or (iv) Prob and MTZ+AMX. Subjects are being monitored for up to 12 months post-treatment. Nine subgingival plaque samples per patient are being collected at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months post-therapy and analyzed by checkerboard DNA–DNA hybridization for 40 bacterial species. Peripheral blood and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of four randomly selected periodontal sites will be analyzed by means of a multiplex fluorescent bead-based immunoassay for 17 cyto/chemokines.
Statistical analyses
The significance of differences in each group (over the course of the study) will be sought using repeated measures ANOVA or Friedman tests and among groups (at each time point) using either ANOVA/ANCOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests, depending on normality of the data. The chi-square test will be used to compare differences in the frequency of subjects achieving the clinical endpoint for treatment (≤ 4 sites with PD ≥ 5 mm) at 1 year and of self-perceived adverse effects. A stepwise forward logistic regression analysis will be performed in order to investigate the impact of different predictor variables on the percentage of patients achieving the clinical endpoint for treatment. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) with different treatment protocols will be also calculated. Statistical significance will be set at 5%.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03733379. Registered on November 7, 2018.
You have requested "on-the-fly" machine translation of selected content from our databases. This functionality is provided solely for your convenience and is in no way intended to replace human translation. Show full disclaimer
Neither ProQuest nor its licensors make any representations or warranties with respect to the translations. The translations are automatically generated "AS IS" and "AS AVAILABLE" and are not retained in our systems. PROQUEST AND ITS LICENSORS SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ANY AND ALL EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES FOR AVAILABILITY, ACCURACY, TIMELINESS, COMPLETENESS, NON-INFRINGMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Your use of the translations is subject to all use restrictions contained in your Electronic Products License Agreement and by using the translation functionality you agree to forgo any and all claims against ProQuest or its licensors for your use of the translation functionality and any output derived there from. Hide full disclaimer
Details
; Feres, Magda 1 1 Guarulhos University, Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Centro de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa-CEPPE, Guarulhos, Brazil (GRID:grid.411869.3) (ISNI:0000 0000 9186 527X)
2 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KULeuven), Department of Oral Health Sciences, Periodontology, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.5596.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7884)
3 Federal University of Parana, Department of Stomatology, Curitiba, Brazil (GRID:grid.20736.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 472X)
4 Guarulhos University, Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Centro de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa-CEPPE, Guarulhos, Brazil (GRID:grid.411869.3) (ISNI:0000 0000 9186 527X); Federal University of Parana, Department of Stomatology, Curitiba, Brazil (GRID:grid.20736.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 1941 472X)
5 Guarulhos University, Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Centro de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa-CEPPE, Guarulhos, Brazil (GRID:grid.411869.3) (ISNI:0000 0000 9186 527X); University of Florida, Department of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, USA (GRID:grid.15276.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8091)