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© 2022. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Background

Survival of kidney transplant recipients (KTR) is low compared with the general population. Low muscle mass and muscle strength may contribute to lower survival, but practical measures of muscle status suitable for routine care have not been evaluated for their association with long-term survival and their relation with each other in a large cohort of KTR.

Methods

Data of outpatient KTR ≥ 1 year post-transplantation, included in the TransplantLines Biobank and Cohort Study (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03272841), were used. Muscle mass was determined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass indexed for height2 (ASMI) through bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA), and by 24-h urinary creatinine excretion rate indexed for height2 (CERI). Muscle strength was determined by hand grip strength indexed for height2 (HGSI). Secondary analyses were performed using parameters not indexed for height2. Cox proportional hazards models were used to investigate the associations between muscle mass and muscle strength and all-cause mortality, both in univariable and multivariable models with adjustment for potential confounders, including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria.

Results

We included 741 KTR (62% male, age 55 ± 13 years, BMI 27.3 ± 4.6 kg/m2), of which 62 (8%) died during a median [interquartile range] follow-up of 3.0 [2.3–5.7] years. Compared with patients who survived, patients who died had similar ASMI (7.0 ± 1.0 vs. 7.0 ± 1.0 kg/m2; P = 0.57), lower CERI (4.2 ± 1.1 vs. 3.5 ± 0.9 mmol/24 h/m2; P < 0.001) and lower HGSI (12.6 ± 3.3 vs. 10.4 ± 2.8 kg/m2; P < 0.001). We observed no association between ASMI and all-cause mortality (HR 0.93 per SD increase; 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.72, 1.19]; P = 0.54), whereas CERI and HGSI were significantly associated with mortality, independent of potential confounders (HR 0.57 per SD increase; 95% CI [0.44, 0.81]; P = 0.002 and HR 0.47 per SD increase; 95% CI [0.33, 0.68]; P < 0.001, respectively), and associations of CERI and HGSI with mortality remained independent of each other (HR 0.68 per SD increase; 95% CI [0.47, 0.98]; P = 0.04 and HR 0.53 per SD increase; 95% CI [0.36, 0.76]; P = 0.001, respectively). Similar associations were found for unindexed parameters.

Conclusions

Higher muscle mass assessed by creatinine excretion rate and higher muscle strength assessed by hand grip strength are complementary in their association with lower risk of all-cause mortality in KTR. Muscle mass assessed by BIA is not associated with mortality. Routine assessment using both 24-h urine samples and hand grip strength is recommended, to potentially target interdisciplinary interventions for KTR at risk for poor survival to improve muscle status.

Details

Title
Muscle mass, muscle strength and mortality in kidney transplant recipients: results of the TransplantLines Biobank and Cohort Study
Author
Iris M.Y. van Vliet 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Post, Adrian 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kremer, Daan 2 ; Boslooper-Meulenbelt, Karin 2 ; van der Veen, Yvonne 3 ; Margriet F.C. de Jong 2 ; Pol, Robert A 4 ; Jager-Wittenaar, Harriët 5 ; Navis, Gerjan J 2 ; Stephan J.L. Bakker 2 

 Department of Dietetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 
 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 
 Department of Dietetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 
 Department of Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands 
 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Research Group Healthy Ageing, Health Care and Nursing, Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, The Netherlands 
Pages
2932-2943
Section
Original Articles
Publication year
2022
Publication date
Dec 2022
Publisher
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
ISSN
21905991
e-ISSN
21906009
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2753492951
Copyright
© 2022. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.