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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Polyorchidism is a rare male urogenital tract anomaly characterized by at least one supernumerary testis in the scrotum or ectopically. According to data based on our systematic review, 76% of the supernumerary testes (SNTs) were located in the scrotum, and 24% were extra-scrotal (p < 0.001). Among testes located outside the scrotum, 87% were found in the inguinal canal and 13% in the abdominal cavity. In 80% of cases, the diagnosis of SNT was made based on imaging tests, and the remaining 20% of cases were detected incidentally during surgery. The imaging tests performed (US or MRI) resulted in a significantly higher rate of patients who qualified for observation vs. surgical treatment (45% vs. 35%, p < 0.001). The most common conditions associated with SNT were ipsilateral inguinal hernia (15% of cases) and cryptorchidism (15% of cases). Surgery (orchidopexy/orchidectomy) was performed on 54% of patients with SNT, and the decision to observe the SNT was made in a total of 46% of patients (p = 0.001). The therapeutic approach depends on the location of the SNT and the presence of factors that raise suspicion of neoplastic proliferation.

Details

Title
Polyorchidism: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review
Author
Balawender, Krzysztof 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Wawrzyniak, Agata 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Kobos, Józef 3 ; Golberg, Michał 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Żytkowski, Andrzej 4 ; Zarzecki, Michał 5 ; Walocha, Jerzy 5 ; Bonczar, Michał 5 ; Dubrowski, Andrzej 5 ; Mazurek, Agata 5   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Clarke, Edward 6 ; Polguj, Michał 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Wysiadecki, Grzegorz 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Smędra, Anna 7 

 Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland 
 Department of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-315 Rzeszów, Poland 
 Department of Histology and Embryology, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland 
 Norbert Barlicki Memorial Teaching Hospital No. 1, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Łódź, Poland; Department of Polish Dialectology and Logopedics, Faculty of Philology, University of Lodz, 90-236 Łódź, Poland 
 Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 33-332 Kraków, Poland 
 Department of Normal and Clinical Anatomy, Chair of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-752 Łódź, Poland 
 Chair and Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Lodz, 90-001 Łódź, Poland 
First page
649
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20770383
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2767219876
Copyright
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.