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Abstract
Post-vaccination cytokine levels from 256 young adults who subsequently suffered breakthrough influenza infections were compared with matched controls. Modulation within the immune system is important for eliciting a protective response, and the optimal response differs according to vaccine formulation and delivery. For both inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) and live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIV) lower levels of IL-8 were observed in post-vaccination sera. Post-vaccination antibody levels were higher and IFN-γ levels were lower in IIV sera compared to LAIV sera. Subjects who suffered breakthrough infections after IIV vaccination had higher levels of sCD25 compared to the control group. There were differences in LAIV post-vaccination interleukin levels for subjects who subsequently suffered breakthrough infections, but these differences were masked in subjects who received concomitant vaccines. Wide variances, sex-based differences and confounders such as concomitant vaccines thwart the establishment of specific cytokine responses as a correlate of protection, but our results provide real world evidence that the status of the immune system following vaccination is important for successful vaccination and subsequent protection against disease.
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Details
1 CBER, FDA, Laboratory of Pediatric and Respiratory Viral Disease, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Silver Spring, USA (GRID:grid.290496.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 1945 2072)
2 Armed Forces Health Surveillance Division, Defense Health Agency, Silver Spring, USA (GRID:grid.478868.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 5998 2926)
3 Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311); Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Graduate Program in Immunology, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311)