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Abstract
Exposure to natural environments offers an array of mental health benefits. Virtual reality provides simulated experiences of being in nature when outdoor access is limited. Previous studies on virtual nature have focused mainly on single "doses" of virtual nature. The effects of repeated exposure remain poorly understood. Motivated by this gap, we studied the influence of a daily virtual nature intervention on symptoms of anxiety, depression, and an underlying cause of poor mental health: rumination. Forty college students (58% non-Hispanic White, median age = 19) were recruited from two U.S. universities and randomly assigned to the intervention or control group. Over several weeks, anxious arousal (panic) and anxious apprehension (worry) decreased with virtual nature exposure. Participants identifying as women, past VR users, experienced with the outdoors, and engaged with the beauty in nature benefited particularly strongly from virtual nature. Virtual nature did not help symptoms of anhedonic depression or rumination. Further research is necessary to distinguish when and for whom virtual nature interventions impact mental health outcomes.
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Details
1 Clemson University, Virtual Reality and Nature Lab, Clemson, USA (GRID:grid.26090.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0665 0280); Clemson University, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson, USA (GRID:grid.26090.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0665 0280)
2 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, Urbana, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
3 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Education, Champaign, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
4 Clemson University, Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism Management, Clemson, USA (GRID:grid.26090.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0665 0280)
5 Clemson University, School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Clemson, USA (GRID:grid.26090.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0665 0280)
6 University of North Florida, Jacksonville, USA (GRID:grid.266865.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2109 4358)
7 INVIROVR Inc., Santa Fe, USA (GRID:grid.266865.9)
8 University of Washington, School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, Seattle, USA (GRID:grid.34477.33) (ISNI:0000000122986657)
9 Clemson University, Virtual Reality and Nature Lab, Clemson, USA (GRID:grid.26090.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0665 0280); University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Systems Engineering and Engineering Management, Charlotte, USA (GRID:grid.266859.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8598 2218)
10 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, Champaign, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)