Abstract

Radioactivity was recently discovered as a source of decoherence and correlated errors for the real-world implementation of superconducting quantum processors. In this work, we measure levels of radioactivity present in a typical laboratory environment (from muons, neutrons, and γ-rays emitted by naturally occurring radioactive isotopes) and in the most commonly used materials for the assembly and operation of state-of-the-art superconducting qubits. We present a GEANT-4 based simulation to predict the rate of impacts and the amount of energy released in a qubit chip from each of the mentioned sources. We finally propose mitigation strategies for the operation of next-generation qubits in a radio-pure environment.

Details

Title
Disentangling the sources of ionizing radiation in superconducting qubits
Author
Cardani, L. 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Colantoni, I. 2 ; Cruciani, A. 1 ; De Dominicis, F. 3 ; D’Imperio, G. 1 ; Laubenstein, M. 4 ; Mariani, A. 1 ; Pagnanini, L. 5 ; Pirro, S. 4 ; Tomei, C. 1 ; Casali, N. 1 ; Ferroni, F. 6 ; Frolov, D. 7 ; Gironi, L. 8 ; Grassellino, A. 7 ; Junker, M. 4 ; Kopas, C. 9 ; Lachman, E. 9 ; McRae, C. R. H. 10 ; Mutus, J. 9 ; Nastasi, M. 8 ; Pappas, D. P. 9 ; Pilipenko, R. 7 ; Sisti, M. 11 ; Pettinacci, V. 1 ; Romanenko, A. 7 ; Van Zanten, D. 7 ; Vignati, M. 12 ; Withrow, J. D. 13 ; Zhelev, N. Z. 14 

1  INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8) 
2  INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8); Sapienza Università di Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Nanotecnologia, c/o Dip. Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a) 
3  Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.466750.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 6005 2566); INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832) 
4  INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832) 
5  Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.466750.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 6005 2566); INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy (GRID:grid.466877.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2201 8832); Queen’s University Kingston, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Astronomy, Ontario, Canada (GRID:grid.410356.5) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8331) 
6  INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8); Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy (GRID:grid.466750.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 6005 2566) 
7  Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, USA (GRID:grid.417851.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 0675 0679) 
8  Università di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143) 
9  Rigetti Computing, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.486186.5) 
10  National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, USA (GRID:grid.94225.38) (ISNI:000000012158463X); University of Colorado, Department of Physics, Boulder, USA (GRID:grid.266190.a) (ISNI:0000000096214564); University of Colorado Boulder, Department of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Boulder, USA (GRID:grid.266190.a) (ISNI:0000000096214564) 
11  INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143) 
12  INFN, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8); Sapienza Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a) 
13  University of Florida, Physics Department, Gainesville, USA (GRID:grid.15276.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8091) 
14  Northwestern University, Center for Applied Physics and Superconducting Technologies, Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507) 
Pages
94
Publication year
2023
Publication date
Jan 2023
Publisher
Springer Nature B.V.
ISSN
14346044
e-ISSN
14346052
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11199-2
ProQuest document ID
2770815050
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.