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Abstract
Plastic pollution, especially by nanoplastics (NPs), has become an emerging topic due to the widespread existence and accumulation in the environment. The research on bioaccumulation and toxicity mechanism of NPs from polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is widely used for packaging material, have been poorly investigated. Herein, we report the first use of high-resolution magic-angle spinning (HRMAS) NMR based metabolomics in combination with toxicity assay and behavioural end points to get systems-level understanding of toxicity mechanism of PET NPs in intact zebrafish embryos. PET NPs exhibited significant alterations on hatching and survival rate. Accumulation of PET NPs in larvae were observed in liver, intestine, and kidney, which coincide with localization of reactive oxygen species in these areas. HRMAS NMR data reveal that PET NPs cause: (1) significant alteration of metabolites related to targeting of the liver and pathways associated with detoxification and oxidative stress; (2) impairment of mitochondrial membrane integrity as reflected by elevated levels of polar head groups of phospholipids; (3) cellular bioenergetics as evidenced by changes in numerous metabolites associated with interrelated pathways of energy metabolism. Taken together, this work provides for the first time a comprehensive system level understanding of toxicity mechanism of PET NPs exposure in intact larvae.
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Details
1 Leipzig University, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.9647.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 7669 9786); Leipzig University, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.9647.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 7669 9786)
2 Leipzig University, Institute of Chemical Technology, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.9647.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 7669 9786)
3 Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.7492.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0492 3830)
4 Leipzig University, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.9647.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 7669 9786)
5 Leipzig University, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig, Germany (GRID:grid.9647.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 7669 9786); Leiden University, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5132.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2312 1970)