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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

High elution and diffusion of 2-hydroxylethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and camphorquinone (CQ) through dentinal tubules may induce pulp injury and postoperative sensitivity. We aimed to investigate the melatonin protective effect in HEMA- and CQ-treated human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) as well as its relevance in a mechanism for postoperative sensitivity in diabetic patients. hDPCs were exposed to HEMA (5 mM) and/or CQ (1 mM) in the absence and presence of melatonin (MEL) (0.1 mM and 1 mM). Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), NADPH oxidase-4 (NOX4), BCL-2-associated X-protein (BAX), B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and caspase-3 (CASP3) gene expression levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured in hDPCs while inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and melatonin protein expression were measured in human dental pulp as well, by RT-PCR, by ELISA, and spectrophotometrically. Bioinformatic analyses were performed by using the ShinyGO (v.0.75) application. Type 2 diabetic patients showed a higher incidence of postoperative sensitivity and lower melatonin and higher iNOS content in dental pulp tissue compared with non-diabetic patients. Melatonin, when co-added in hDPC culture, reverses HEMA and CQ cytotoxic effects via anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory/antioxidant iNOS-related effects. Enrichment analyses showed that genes/proteins, altered by HEMA and CQ and normalized by melatonin, are the most prominently overrepresented in type 2 diabetes mellitus pathways and that they share subcellular localization in different oligomeric protein complexes consisting of anti- and pro-apoptotic regulators. This is the first evidence of the ability of melatonin to counteract iNOS-mediated inflammatory and stress effects in HEMA- and CQ-treated hDPCs, which could be of significance for the modulation of presently observed immediate postoperative sensitivity after composite restoration in type 2 diabetic patients.

Details

Title
Melatonin Mitigates iNOS-Related Effects of HEMA and Camphorquinone in Human Dental Pulp Cells: Relevance for Postoperative Sensitivity Mechanism in Type 2 Diabetes
Author
Ilić, Jugoslav 1 ; Milosavljević, Aleksandra 2 ; Lazarević, Miloš 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Marković, Maja Milošević 4   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Milašin, Jelena 3   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Vučetić, Milan 5 ; Chaurasia, Akhilanand 6   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Miletić, Vesna 7 ; Roganović, Jelena 2   VIAFID ORCID Logo 

 Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 
 Department of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 
 Department of Human Genetics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 
 Department of Public Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 
 Department of Oral Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia 
 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George’s Medical University, Lucknow 226003, India 
 Sydney Dental School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2145, Australia 
First page
2562
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
MDPI AG
ISSN
16616596
e-ISSN
14220067
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2774912913
Copyright
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.