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Abstract
The development of algorithms for remote sensing of water quality (RSWQ) requires a large amount of in situ data to account for the bio-geo-optical diversity of inland and coastal waters. The GLObal Reflectance community dataset for Imaging and optical sensing of Aquatic environments (GLORIA) includes 7,572 curated hyperspectral remote sensing reflectance measurements at 1 nm intervals within the 350 to 900 nm wavelength range. In addition, at least one co-located water quality measurement of chlorophyll a, total suspended solids, absorption by dissolved substances, and Secchi depth, is provided. The data were contributed by researchers affiliated with 59 institutions worldwide and come from 450 different water bodies, making GLORIA the de-facto state of knowledge of in situ coastal and inland aquatic optical diversity. Each measurement is documented with comprehensive methodological details, allowing users to evaluate fitness-for-purpose, and providing a reference for practitioners planning similar measurements. We provide open and free access to this dataset with the goal of enabling scientific and technological advancement towards operational regional and global RSWQ monitoring.
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1 Xerra Earth Observation Institute, Alexandra, New Zealand; University of Waikato, School of Science, Hamilton, New Zealand (GRID:grid.49481.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 0408 3579)
2 Bureau of Water Quality, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, USA (GRID:grid.448456.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 1525 4976)
3 Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, USA (GRID:grid.427409.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0453 291X); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA (GRID:grid.133275.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 6666)
4 Tartu Observatory of the University of Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia (GRID:grid.435122.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 1385 4505)
5 University of Waikato, School of Science, Hamilton, New Zealand (GRID:grid.49481.30) (ISNI:0000 0004 0408 3579)
6 CSIRO Environment Business Unit, Coasts and Oceans Systems Program (COS), Acton, Australia (GRID:grid.1016.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 2719)
7 GeoSensing and Imaging Consultancy, Trivandrum, India (GRID:grid.1016.6)
8 National Institute for Space Research (INPE), Instrumentation Lab for Aquatic Systems (LabISA), São José dos Campos, Brazil (GRID:grid.419222.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 2116 4512)
9 Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Canada (GRID:grid.410334.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2184 7612)
10 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Phytooptics Group, Physical Oceanography of Polar Seas, Climate Sciences, Bremerhaven, Germany (GRID:grid.10894.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 1033 7684); University of Bremen, Department of Physics and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Environmental Physics, Bremen, Germany (GRID:grid.7704.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2297 4381)
11 Institute for Electromagnetic Sensing of the Environment, CNR-IREA, National Research Council of Italy, Milano, Italy (GRID:grid.473657.4) (ISNI:0000 0000 8518 0610)
12 University of Michigan, Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, Ann Arbor, USA (GRID:grid.214458.e) (ISNI:0000000086837370)
13 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Nanjing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
14 SatDek Pty Ltd, Sutton, Australia (GRID:grid.9227.e)
15 Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, USA (GRID:grid.241167.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 3318)
16 NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, USA (GRID:grid.474355.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0602 576X)
17 Universidad de la República, Department of Geography, Montevideo, Uruguay (GRID:grid.11630.35) (ISNI:0000000121657640)
18 Pomeranian University, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Slupsk, Poland (GRID:grid.440638.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 8370)
19 Boston University, Department of Earth and Environment, Boston, USA (GRID:grid.189504.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7558)
20 Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wessling, Germany (GRID:grid.7551.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8983 7915)
21 University of Nebraska-Lincoln, School of Natural Resources, Lincoln, USA (GRID:grid.24434.35) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0060)
22 University of Wisconsin-Madison, Aquatic Sciences Center, Madison, USA (GRID:grid.14003.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2167 3675)
23 Michigan Technological University, Great Lakes Research Center, Houghton, USA (GRID:grid.259979.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 0663 5937)
24 Yokohama National University, Faculty of Urban Innovation, Yokohama, Japan (GRID:grid.268446.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2185 8709)
25 Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters – Research and Management, Dübendorf, Switzerland (GRID:grid.418656.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 1551 0562)
26 Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, CNRS, Univ. Lille, IRD, UMR 8187 - LOG - Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux, France (GRID:grid.503290.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 1733)
27 University of Stirling, Earth and Planetary Observation Sciences (EPOS), Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stirling, UK (GRID:grid.11918.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2248 4331)
28 Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth, UK (GRID:grid.22319.3b) (ISNI:0000000121062153)
29 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, USA (GRID:grid.419075.e) (ISNI:0000 0001 1955 7990)
30 University of Bergen, Department of Physics and Technology, Bergen, Norway (GRID:grid.7914.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7443)
31 University of California-Santa Cruz, Ocean Sciences Department, Institute of Marine Sciences, Santa Cruz, USA (GRID:grid.205975.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 0740 6917)
32 Indiana University-Purdue University, Department of Earth Sciences, Indianapolis, USA (GRID:grid.257413.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 3919)
33 University of Massachusetts-Dartmouth, School for Marine Science and Technology West, New Bedford, USA (GRID:grid.266686.a) (ISNI:0000000102217463)
34 Coasts and Oceans Systems Program (COS), CSIRO Environment Business Unit, Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, Australia (GRID:grid.419222.e)
35 University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan (GRID:grid.20515.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2369 4728)
36 CyanoLakes (Pty) Ltd, Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.20515.33)
37 Universitat de Barcelona, Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.5841.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0247)
38 University of Georgia, Department of Geography, Athens, USA (GRID:grid.213876.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 738X)
39 National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, USA (GRID:grid.423033.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2287 6896)
40 Florida Atlantic University, Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Fort Pierce, USA (GRID:grid.255951.f)
41 U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, USA (GRID:grid.89170.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 0591 0193)
42 VNU University of Science, Faculty of Geology, Ha Noi, Vietnam (GRID:grid.493130.c)
43 Physical Oceanography, Marine Optics & Remote Sensing, Den Burg, Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands (GRID:grid.10914.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2227 4609)
44 Upstate Freshwater Institute, Syracuse, USA (GRID:grid.427240.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 5929 0794)
45 University of Minnesota, Department of Forest Resources, St. Paul, USA (GRID:grid.17635.36) (ISNI:0000000419368657)
46 NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research, College Park, USA (GRID:grid.473838.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 4656 4004)
47 Kiel University, Department of Geography, Earth Observation and Modelling, Kiel, Germany (GRID:grid.9764.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2153 9986)
48 UMR LEGOS, University of Toulouse, IRD, CNES, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France (GRID:grid.15781.3a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0723 035X); University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Department Water-Environment-Oceanography, Hanoi, Vietnam (GRID:grid.267849.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2105 6888)
49 Federal University of Santa Maria, Department of Geosciences, Santa Maria, Brazil (GRID:grid.411239.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2284 6531)
50 University of Valencia, Catedrático Agustín Escardino 9, Laboratory for Earth Observation, Paterna (Valencia), Spain (GRID:grid.5338.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 2173 938X)
51 Kyoto University of Advanced Science (KUAS), Faculty of Engineering, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.440905.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 7553 9983)
52 Creighton University, Department of Biology, Omaha, USA (GRID:grid.254748.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8876)
53 Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan (GRID:grid.410588.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2191 0132)
54 Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Phytooptics Group, Physical Oceanography of Polar Seas, Climate Sciences, Bremerhaven, Germany (GRID:grid.10894.34) (ISNI:0000 0001 1033 7684)
55 Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, Department of Water & Climate Risk, Amsterdam, Netherlands (GRID:grid.12380.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1754 9227)
56 Science Systems and Applications, Inc. (SSAI), Lanham, USA (GRID:grid.427409.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0453 291X); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Ocean Ecology Laboratory, Greenbelt, USA (GRID:grid.133275.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 6666)
57 Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Surface Waters – Research and Management, Dübendorf, Switzerland (GRID:grid.418656.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 1551 0562); University of Stirling, Earth and Planetary Observation Sciences (EPOS), Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stirling, UK (GRID:grid.11918.30) (ISNI:0000 0001 2248 4331)
58 China University of Geosciences, School of Geography and Information Engineering, Wuhan, China (GRID:grid.503241.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1760 9015)