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1. Introduction

The Hawaiian Archipelago consists of eight major islands, together with numerous atolls and islets, positioned in the central North Pacific Ocean [1]. The islands were formed sequentially through hotspot volcanic activity on the Pacific Plate, such that islands to the northwest end of the archipelago are the oldest (i.e., Hōlanikū, or Kure Atoll, at over 28 million years [Ma]), and those at the southeastern end of the chain are the youngest notably Hawai‘i Island, at 0–0.6 Ma, with volcanic activity still producing new land [2]. The Archipelago extends for approximately 2400 km, and is extremely isolated, with the nearest continent (North America) being approximately 3900 km away [1].

The youngest and most southeastern islands of the archipelago, known as the Main Hawaiian Islands, are home to Hawai‘i’s permanent human population. The largest marine wildlife reserve in the world was established in 2006 to encompass the northwestern islands/atolls and surrounding waters of Hawai‘i (1,510,000 km2—approximately the size of Germany), named the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM). The largely uninhabited PMNM has deep cultural significance to Native Hawaiians, and research on the marine macroalgae from PMNM has indicated substantial undescribed biodiversity—e.g., [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Shorelines in Hawai‘i are largely determined by the geological processes that shaped the islands. Thus, initial volcanic activity yielded basaltic lava islands, and this feature still dominates the shorelines of Hawai‘i Island and nearby east Maui [9]. The gradual shifting of the Pacific Plate in a northwesterly direction, away from the volcanic hotspot, correlates with a slow geological degradation of the islands, with limestone caps, reefs, and sandy areas forming over time [9]; these features are progressively more prominent on the older islands.

The Hawaiian Archipelago extends from approximately 19° N (Hawai‘i Island) to 28° N (Hōlanikū), with the oldest Main Hawaiian island, Kaua‘i, positioned at 22° N [1]. Thus, the populated islands of Hawai‘i lie within the zone of the tropics, while many parts of PMNM are clearly subtropical by latitudinal definition, and their climate is generally considered to be subtropical [2]. The Hawaiian Islands experience two climatological periods annually, corresponding to a hot/dry season (May–October) and a cooler/wet season (November–April). Annual temperature variation is modest, with the capital city, Honolulu, experiencing an average annual temperature of 24 °C, ranging from 22.2 °C (February) to 25.8 °C (August) [2]. The surrounding ocean provides a strong buffer and has a moderating influence on air temperature; thus, although the Hawaiian Islands share approximately the same latitude as Cuba and Calcutta, India, the climate in Hawai‘i is not nearly as humid and hot; annual ocean temperatures range from 22.8 to 26.1 °C [2].

The Hawaiian Islands are well known as a location of high biological diversity and considerable endemism. Biogeographically, the Indo-West Pacific has had the greatest influence on the marine biodiversity of Hawai‘i, which is generally reported to have lower levels of endemism than the terrestrial biota, due to substantial levels of adaptive radiation in the terrestrial realm [2]. A 2003 compilation of the biota of Hawai‘i reported 578 seaweed species, of which 80 were endemic (13.8%), and 1197 species of marine fishes (153 endemic, or 12.8%), compared with 247 species of mosses (24 endemic, or 9.7%), 145 species of ferns (106 endemic, or 73.1%), 2142 species of angiosperms (896 endemic, or 41.8%), and 183 species of birds (63 endemic, or 34.4%), and with rates of endemism for most insect groups being much higher [10]. Sherwood [11] reported 2.3% endemism for the Hawaiian non-marine algal flora, as compiled from bibliographic records at that time.

An overview of the history of Hawaiian phycology was provided by Abbott [12], who described the key contributions to that point. The first photographic identification guide was published in 1979 [13]. Two books comprise the most up-to-date detailed flora of the Hawaiian Islands: Isabella Aiona Abbott’s 1999 Marine Red Algae of the Hawaiian Islands [12], and Abbott and John Huisman’s 2004 Marine Green and Brown Algae of the Hawaiian Islands [14], which are both based on morphological taxonomy. The 2007 publication by Huisman et al. of Hawaiian Reef Plants [9] united records of seaweeds and seagrasses and provided an updated photographic identification guide for the Islands, with information including the cultural relevance of algae, or limu. Studies in the early 2000’s began to examine Hawaiian seaweed systematics considering molecular data and phylogenetic reconstruction—a tool that has revolutionized understanding of algal evolutionary relationships worldwide. The higher-level taxonomy of many algal lineages has been clarified (e.g., order Peyssonneliales [15], order Sporolithales [16]), or, in some cases, newly discovered since that time (e.g., order Pihiellales [17], order Rhodachlyales [18]). Myriad changes at the lower taxonomic levels have also occurred, and these are, to the best of our abilities, reflected in this updated listing of Hawaiian marine algae and seagrasses.

Invasive seaweeds are now also common on some of Hawai‘i’s shorelines. Since the mid-20th century, macroalgae from elsewhere have arrived, either through hull-fouling, escape from aquaculture, or accidental introduction, and have made profound changes to some of the nearshore reefs of the Main Hawaiian Islands [9]. Acanthophora spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen is believed to have arrived via hull-fouling from a ship originating in Guam, while species such as Gracilaria salicornia (C.Agardh) E.Y.Dawson, Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux, Eucheuma denticulatum (N.L.Burman) Collins and Hervey, and Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) L.M.Liao were probable escapees from aquaculture or industrial attempts [9]. Native or cryptogenic species are also known to be problematic in Hawai‘i—examples include the green seaweed Dictyosphaeria cavernosa (Forsskål) Børgesen in Kāne‘ohe Bay on O‘ahu, the green seaweed Avrainvillea lacerata J.Agardh [generally referred to as A. amadelpha (Montagne) A.Gepp and E.S.Gepp in the local literature], and the newly discovered red seaweed Chondria tumulosa A.R.Sherwood and Huisman, which is wreaking havoc at several atolls in PMNM [9,19]. A second species of Avrainvillea, A. cf. erecta A.Gepp and E.S.Gepp was also recently reported from urbanized estuaries of the Main Hawaiian Islands [20]. Impacts of these newcomers are variable, with some demonstrating clear and immediate negative impacts on the native flora and fauna (e.g., C. tumulosa), while others will need to be evaluated for a longer period in order to comprehend these effects (e.g., A. erecta).

Marine algae play an important cultural role to Native Hawaiians. Due to religious restrictions placed on foods that women could eat (ca. A.D. 1200), women became specialists of shoreline algae and invertebrates, which were available to them, and the Hawaiian term limu has come to mean “edible algae”, although the original term was somewhat broader and included some simply constructed corals, liverworts, mosses, lichens, and fungi [12]. Hawaiian names were applied to plants that could be used as medicine or food, or in other ways [21], and some of the best known of these practices are given by Huisman et al. [9]. Seaweed and algae research generally receives a very positive reaction from the present day population of Hawai‘i—as an example, Hawai‘i’s Governor (David Ige) proclaimed 2022 as “The Year of the Limu”, which is accompanied by numerous public events celebrating and educating about Hawaiian marine algae (https://governor.hawaii.gov/newsroom/dlnr-news-release-year-of-the-limu-recognizes-importance-of-indigenous-species-of-plants-and-algae/, accessed on 2 October 2022).

The objective of the current study is to compile and summarize records of seaweeds (and seagrasses, of which there are only a few) from the Hawaiian Islands, which will allow comparisons to other floras, and provide a point-in-time snapshot of current understanding of the flora. Despite many decades of research on the Hawaiian algal flora by a number of notable phycologists, and published inventories for more narrowly defined parts of the flora (e.g., [12] for Hawaiian marine red algae; [11] for the Hawaiian non-marine algae; [22] for marine algae of PMNM), no current inventory exists for Hawaiian marine macroalgae and seagrasses. We seek to rectify that through the present study.

2. Materials and Methods

An initial set of records was compiled from AlgaeBase (on 18 March 2022) as algal and seagrass taxa that included the Hawaiian Islands in their distribution. This initial list was then hand-curated to remove Cyanobacteria and non-marine records. Other records were added from the literature not included in AlgaeBase, such as from recent theses and dissertations, and from in-press manuscripts known to the authors. In particular, publications reporting DNA sequence data are included to provide further information on the level of confidence in molecular confirmation. A second AlgaeBase download was performed on 10 December 2022 to check for records added since the initial download. Entries include records from both the Main Hawaiian Islands (Ni‘ihau, Kaua‘i, O‘ahu, Moloka‘i, Maui, Lāna‘i, Kaho‘olawe, and Hawai‘i) and the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (Hōlanikū [Kure Atoll], Kuaihelani [Midway Atoll], Manawai [Pearl and Hermes Atoll], Kapou [Lisianski Island], Kamole [Laysan Island], Kamokuokamohoali‘i [Maro Reef], ‘Ōnūnui and ‘Ōnūiki [Gardner Pinnacles], Lalo [French Frigate Shoals], Mokumanamana, and Nihoa), as well as minor islands and islets (Figure 1).

The list includes taxonomic information for each record including major lineage (e.g., phylum), order, family, genus, and species (and, where appropriate, subspecific taxon) (Table 1). The table column “regionally reported as” is used to indicate instances where a different name is or has been used to refer to the taxon in the Hawaiian Islands and includes taxonomic synonyms as well as common and widespread misidentifications. Whether a taxon is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands is indicated (as yes, no, or maybe). Four subsequent columns give information about the degree of molecular confirmation (where present), and whether the taxon has been verified based on morphological comparisons: “Morphology” (identification is based on morphological examination), “Regional DNA Sequence” (identification based on one or more DNA sequences generated from Hawaiian material and compared to sequences from elsewhere), “Topotype Sequence Match” (sequences of Hawaiian material have been shown to reasonably match those from topotype material), or “Type Sequence Match” (sequences of Hawaiian material have been shown to reasonably match that of a type specimen for that taxon). Hawaiian sequences were considered to represent the topotype locality if they were from the same island. Finally, one or more representative references for each species record are listed (not a comprehensive list of all records), and a column for taxonomic notes is included. Taxa listed as doubtful records are still included in the totals presented, until such time as they are discounted as members of the Hawaiian flora.

As for any inventory, the current listing represents a point-in-time and will change as more new species and genera are described (we are aware of a number of these in progress at the time of writing but are not yet accepted for publication), and other kinds of taxonomic proposals (e.g., synonymies or removal of records) are put forward.

3. Results

A total of 661 marine algal and seagrass taxa are included in this Hawaiian inventory (Table 1, Figure 2). These records include 71 Phaeophyceae, or brown algae (representing 11 orders, 16 families, and 33 genera), 450 Rhodophyta, or red algae (23 orders, 58 families, and 197 genera), 137 Chlorophyta/Prasinodermatophyta, or green algae (7 orders, 23 families, and 41 genera), and 3 Tracheophyta, or seagrasses (1 order, 2 families, and 2 genera). The Hawaiian marine flora as currently inventoried is 13.2% endemic, with values of 33.3% (seagrasses), 2.8% (brown algae), 6.6% (green algae), and 16.7% (red algae).

The vast majority (99.5%) of these records are based, at least in part, on morphological identifications. Approximately 46.7% of the flora is represented by at least one DNA sequence generated from Hawaiian material, meaning that 53.3% of the flora remains to be characterized using molecular tools, at any level. Seagrasses have the highest percentage of the flora represented by at least one DNA sequence (66.7%, albeit only three taxa comprise this component of the flora), followed by red algae (53.8%), brown algae (32.4%), and green algae (30.7%). A total of 16.3% of the records in the inventory has been shown to have a reasonably close match to a topotype, with values ranging from 0% (seagrasses), to 8.8% (green algae), 16.9% (brown algae), and 18.7% (red algae). A relatively small percentage of records (6.7%) has been confirmed through a reasonably close match to a sequence derived from type material (which includes recently described species for which DNA sequence data have been provided as part of the description); these values range from 0% (seagrasses), to 4.4% (green algae), 5.6% (brown algae), and 7.6% (red algae).

4. Discussion

We present the first comprehensive inventory of Hawaiian marine algae and seagrasses combining both morphological and molecular data and provide data on the degree of endemism of the flora, as well as degree of certainty in identification for each record. Despite having several very thorough morphological compendia available for various lineages of the Hawaiian flora, no single compilation of species existed. The most recent compendium of the red, green, and brown marine algae of Hawaii reported a total of 512 species (343 red algae, 107 green algae, and 62 brown algae [12,14]), which compares with the 661 subgeneric taxa (450 red algae, 137 green algae, and 71 brown algae, plus 3 seagrasses) in our current inventory. With 47% of records represented by at least one DNA sequence generated from Hawaiian material, a large amount of survey work and inventory curation awaits additional sequencing efforts. However, much recent taxonomic and systematic revision has occurred for the flora, which further emphasizes the need for the present inventory. Future updates are certain as this work continues, particularly with respect to new species descriptions from the mesophotic flora.

Degree of confidence in identification is becoming increasingly recognized as an important part of reporting in taxonomic inventories, lists and checklists—e.g., [23]. Variation in confidence of identification is an unavoidable side-effect of combining records from historical sources, which largely relied on a strictly morphological identification approach, with more recent works that include DNA sequence comparisons. Moreover, interpretation of DNA sequence comparisons is being undertaken with a higher level of scrutiny than when the tool first become available to phycologists, when sequences deposited in public databases may or may not have represented the labeled taxon due to sequence quality issues or misidentification (which could be due to several factors, further described below). For example, highest confidence can be placed on an identification when one or more DNA sequences matches or nearly matches a sequence derived from type material of that taxon. These instances are rare given that most taxa are not represented by DNA sequences generated from their type specimens, but 6.7% of the records in the current inventory have indeed been verified at that level, primarily as a result of new species descriptions from the Hawaiian flora that include molecular characterization. The next highest level of confidence in identification stems from an often-used proxy for type sequences—topotype sequence data, or sequences derived from specimens collected from (or relatively close to) the type locality. Topotype sequences, however, may in fact be representative of other taxa that cohabit that locality, or other taxa found in nearby areas, if the topotype locality is interpreted too broadly. The third highest level of confidence in identification stems from sequences generated from regionally collected material that was morphologically identified as belonging to a specific taxon or had one or more molecular markers reasonably matching a labeled sequence from a public database of that taxon. Strictly morphological identifications may be reasonably accurate for some groups of marine algae and seagrasses but are known to be rife with potential for misidentification due to several factors.

Marine algal taxonomy traditionally relied upon comparison of morphological characters, which remains a critical component of marine macroalgal identification, but can have several disadvantages [24]. For example, features associated with sexual reproduction are often necessary to discern species. Yet, these can be missing from specimens.

Table 1

Inventory of Hawaiian marine macroalgae and seagrasses.

Major Lineage (e.g., Phylum) Order Family Genus Species Regionally Reported As 1 Endemic 2 Morphology 2 Regional DNA Sequence 2 Topotype Sequence Match 2 Type Sequence Match 2 References 3 Notes
Phaeophyceae Asterocladales Asterocladaceae Asterocladon D.G.Müller, E.R.Parodi and A.F.Peters A. rhodochortonoides (Børgesen) S.Uwai, C.Nagasato, T.Motomura and K.Kogame Asteronema rhodochortonoides (Børgesen) D.G.Müller and Parodi N Y N N N [14]
Desmarestiales Desmarestiaceae Desmarestia J.V.Lamouroux D. ligulata (Stackhouse) J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [14,22]
Dictyotales Dictyotaceae Dictyopteris J.V.Lamouroux D. australis (Sonder) Askenasy N Y N N N [9,14,22]
D. plagiogramma (Montagne) Vickers N Y N N N [9,14,22]
D. repens (Okamura) Børgesen N Y N N N [14,22]
Dictyota J.V.Lamouroux D. acutiloba J.Agardh N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,23]
D. bartayresiana J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [14,22]
D. ceylanica Kützing N Y N N N [9,14,22]
D. ciliolata Sonder ex Kützing N Y N N N [14,22]
D. flabellata (Collins) Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [14]
D. friabilis Setchell N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,23]
D. implexa (Desfontaines) J.V.Lamouroux D. divaricata J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [13]
D. sandvicensis Sonder N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,23]
D. stolonifera E.Y. Dawson N Y N N N [14,22]
Distromium Levring D. flabellatum Womersley N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Lobophora J.Agardh L. obscura (Dickie) C.W.Vieira, De Clerck and Payri L. crassa Z.Sun, P.E.Lim and H.Kawai, L. variegata (J.V.Lamouroux) Womersley ex E.C.Oliveira N Y Y Y Y [9,14,22,25] Hawaiian specimens are not L. variegata, and are presumably now known as L. crassa [25]
Newhousia Kraft, G.W.Saunders, I.A.Abbott and Haroun N. imbricata Kraft, G.W.Saunders, I.A.Abbott and Haroun N Y Y Y Y [9,23,26,27]
Padina Adanson P. australis Hauck N Y Y N N [9,14,22,28]
P. boergesenii Allender and Kraft N N Y N N [22]
P. boryana Thivy N Y N N N [14,22]
P. gymnospora (Kützing) Sonder N Y N N N [14,22]
P. japonica Yamada N Y N N N [13,29]
P. maroensis Ni-Ni-Win, I.A.Abbott and H.Kawai Y Y Y Y Y [28]
P. melemele I.A.Abbott and Magruder N Y Y N N [9,14,22,23,28,30]
P. moffittiana Abbott and Huisman N Y Y Y N [14,22,30]
P. sanctae-crucis Børgesen N Y Y N N [9,14,22]
P. thivyae Doty and Newhouse N Y N N N [9,14]
Spatoglossum Kützing S. macrodontum J.Agardh N Y N N N [9,14]
S. solieri (Chauvin ex Montagne) Kützing N Y N N N [13]
Stypopodium Kützing S. flabelliforme Weber Bosse S. hawaiiensis (Doty and Newhouse) I.A.Abbott, Zonaria hawaiiensis Doty and Newhouse N Y Y N N [9,14,22]
Discosporangiales Discosporangiaceae Discosporangium Falkenberg D. mesarthrocarpum (Meneghini) Hauck N Y N N N [14]
Ectocarpales Acinetosporaceae Feldmannia Hamel F. indica (Sonder) Womersley and A.Bailey Hincksia indica (Sonder) J.Tanaka N Y N N N [9,14,22]
F. irregularis (Kützing) Hamel N Y N N N [14,22]
F. lebelii (Areschoug ex P.Crouan and H.Crouan) Hamel N Y N N N [9,14,22]
F. mitchelliae (Harvey) H.-S.Kim Hincksia mitchelliae (Harvey) P.C.Silva N Y N N N [14,22]
Hincksia J.E.Gray H. conifera (Børgesen) I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [22]
Pylaiella Bory P. littoralis (Linnaeus) Kjellman N Y N N N [14]
Chordariaceae Kuetzingiella Kornmann K. elachistiformis (Heydrich) M.Balakrishnan and Kinkar N Y N N N [14,22]
Nemacystus Derbès and Solier N. decipiens (Suringar) Kuckuck N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Scytosiphonaceae Chnoospora J.Agardh C. minima (Hering) Papenfuss N Y Y N N [9,14,22,31]
Colpomenia (Endlicher) Derbès and Solier C. sinuosa (Mertens ex Roth) Derbès and Solier N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,32,33]
C. tuberculata D.A.Saunders N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Hydroclathrus Bory H. clathratus (C.Agardh) M.Howe N Y N N N [9,14,22]
H. tilesii (Endlicher) Santiañez and M.J.Wynne H. stephanosorus Kraft N Y Y N N [34]
H. tenuis C.K.Tseng and Lu Baroen N N Y Y N [34]
H. tumulis Kraft and Abbott N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Petalonia Derbès and Solier P. binghamiae (J.Agardh) K.L.Vinogradova Endarachne binghamiae J.Agardh N Y N N N [14] Hawaiian specimens reported as P. binghamiae are most likely P. tatewakii [31]
P. tatewakii Kogame and Kurihara Y Y Y Y Y [31]
Pseudochnoospora Santiañez, G.Y.Cho and Kogame P. implexa (J.Agardh) Santiañez, G.Y.Cho and Kogame Chnoospora implexa J.Agardh N Y N N N [9,14]
Rosenvingea Børgesen R. endiviifolia (Martius) M.J.Wynne R. intricata (J.Agardh) Børgesen N Y N N N [9,14]
R. orientalis (J.Agardh) Børgesen N Y N N N [9,14]
Fucales Sargassaceae Sargassum C.Agardh S. aquifolium (Turner) C.Agardh S. echinocarpum J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,14,22,35]
S. muticum (Yendo) Fensholt N Y N N N [9,14]
S. obtusifolium J.Agardh S. hawaiiense Doty and Newhouse N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,35]
S. oligocystum Montagne N Y N N N [36]
S. piluliferum (Turner) J.Agardh N Y N N N [22]
S. polyphyllum J.Agardh N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,35]
Turbinaria J.V.Lamouroux T. ornata (Turner) J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,14,22,37]
Ralfsiales Mesosporaceae Mesospora Weber Bosse M. pangoensis (Setchell) Chihara and J.Tanaka Hapalospongidion pangoense (Setchell) Hollenberg, Ralfsia pangoensis Setchell N Y N N N [14]
M. schmidtii Weber Bosse N Y N N N [38]
Neoralfsiaceae Neoralfsia P.-E.Lim and H.Kawai N. expansa (J.Agardh) P.-E.Lim and H.Kawai ex Cormaci and G.Furnari Ralfsia expansa (J.Agardh) J.Agardh N Y N N N [9,14]
Scytothamnales Asteronemataceae Asteronema Delépine and Asensi A. breviarticulatum (J.Agardh) Ouriques and Bouzon Giffordia breviarticulata (J.Agardh) Doty and I.A.Abbott, Hincksia breviarticulata (J.Agardh) P.C.Silva N Y Y N N [9,14,22,32,33]
Bachelotiaceae Bachelotia (Bornet) Kukuck ex Hamel B. antillarum (Grunow) Gerloff N Y N N N [14]
Sphacelariales Stypocaulaceae Halopteris Kützing H. filicina (Grateloup) Kützing N Y N N N [14]
Sphacelariaceae Sphacelaria Lyngbye S. novae-hollandiae Sonder N Y N N N [9,14,22]
S. rigidula Kützing S. furcigera Kützing N Y N N N [9,14,22]
S. tribuloides Meneghini N Y Y N N [9,14,22,32,33]
Sporochnales Sporochnaceae Nereia Zanardini N. intricata Yamada N Y N N N [14,22]
Sporochnus C.Agardh S. dotyi Brostoff N Y N N N [14,22]
S. moorei Harvey N Y N N N [14,22]
Tilopteridales Cutleriaceae Cutleria Greville C. irregularis I.A.Abbott and Huisman N Y N N N [14]
Rhodophyta Acrochaetiales Acrochaetiaceae Acrochaetium Nägeli A. actinocladum I.A.Abbott Y (?) Y N N N [12]
A. barbadense (Vickers) Børgesen Audouinella barbadensis (Vickers) Woelkerling N Y N N N [12]
A. crassipes (Børgesen) Børgesen N Y N N N [38]
A. dotyi I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
A. imitator I.A.Abbott Y (?) Y N N N [12]
A. liagorae Børgesen Audouinella liagorae (Børgesen) Woelkerling N Y N N N [12]
A. microscopicum (Nägeli ex Kützing) Nägeli N Y N N N [9,12,22]
A. trichogloeae Børgesen N Y N N N [12]
Liagorophila Yamada L. endophytica Yamada N Y N N N [12]
Acrosymphytales Acrosymphytaceae Acrosymphyton Sjöstedt A. brainardii Vroom and I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [22,39]
A. taylorii I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [12,24]
Bangiales Bangiaceae Bangia Lyngbye B. fuscopurpurea (Dillwyn) Lyngbye B. atropurpurea (Mertens ex Roth) C.Agardh N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Pyropia J.Agardh P. acanthophora (E.C.Oliveira and Coll) Santiañez Porphyra acanthophora E.C.Oliveira and Coll N Y Y Y N [40]
P. vietnamensis (Tak.Tanaka and P.H.Hô) J.E.Sutherland and Monotilla Phycocalidia vietnamensis (Tak.Tanaka and P.H.Hô) Santiañez and M.J.Wynne, Porphyra vietnamensis Tak.Tanaka and P.H.Hô N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Pseudobangia K.M.Müller and R.G.Sheath Pseudobangia sp. U Y Y N N [24]
Bonnemaisoniales Bonnemaisoniaceae Asparagopsis Montagne A.taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,41,42]
Naccariaceae Naccaria Endlicher N. hawaiiana I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
Reticulocaulis I.A.Abbott R. mucosissimus I.A.Abbott N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Ceramiales Callithamniaceae Aglaothamnion Feldmann-Mazoyer A. boergesenii (Aponte and D.L.Ballantine) L’Hardy-Halos and Rueness N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
A. cordatum (Børgesen) Feldmann-Mazoyer Callithamnion neglectum (Feldmann-Mazoyer) M.J.Wynne N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Crouania J.Agardh C. attenuata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh N Y N N N [22,43,44]
C. mageshimensis Itono N Y N N N [9,12,22,45]
C. minutissima Yamada N Y N N N [9,12,24]
Euptilocladia Wollaston E. magruderi I.A.Abbott and R.E.Norris Y Y Y Y N [9,12,24]
Gymnothamnion J.Agardh G. elegans (Schousboe ex C.Agardh) J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Ptilocladia Sonder P. yuenii I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [12,22]
Spyridia Harvey S. filamentosa (Wulfen) Harvey N Y Y N N [9,12,22,46]
Ceramiaceae Acrothamnion J.Agardh A. butlerae (Collins) Kylin N Y Y N N [12,22]
Antithamnion Nägeli A. antillanum Børgesen N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
A. decipiens (J.Agardh) Athanasiadis A. ogdeniae I.A.Abbott N Y Y N N [12,22,24,47]
A. erucacladellum R.E.Norris Y Y Y N N [12,24]
A. nipponicum Yamada and Inagaki N Y N N N [12]
Antithamnionella Lyle A. breviramosa (E.Y.Dawson) Wollaston N Y N N N [12,22]
A. graeffei (Grunow) Athanasiadis N Y N N N [12,22]
Ardreanema R.E.Norris and I.A.Abbott A. seriosporum (E.Y.Dawson) R.E.Norris N Y N N N [12]
Balliella Itono and Tak.Tanaka B. repens Huisman and Kraft N Y Y N N [12,24]
Callidictyon J.N.Norris and I.A.Abbott C. abyssorum J.N.Norris and I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
Callithamniella Feldmann-Mazoyer C. pacifica I.A.Abbott and R.E.Norris N Y N N N [12]
Centroceras Kützing C. clavulatum (C.Agardh) Montagne N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
C. corallophiloides R.E.Norris Y Y N N N [9,12,22,24]
C. gasparrinii (Meneghini) Kützing N Y Y N N [48]
C. minutum Yamada N Y N N N [9,12,22]
Ceramium Roth C. aduncum Nakamura N Y N N N [12,22]
C. affine Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [22]
C. borneense Weber Bosse N Y N N N [12,22]
C. cingulum Meneses Y Y N N N [12,22]
C. clarionense Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [9,12,22]
C. codii (H.Richards) Mazoyer N Y N N N [9,12,22]
C. diaphanum (Lightfoot) Roth C. tenuissimum (Roth) Areschoug N Y N N N [12,22]
C. dumosertum R.E.Norris and Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
C. hamatispinum E.Y.Dawson N Y N N N [12,22]
C. jolyi (Díaz-Piferrer) D.L.Ballantine and M.J.Wynne N Y N N N [12]
C. macilentum J.Agardh C. mazatlanense E.Y.Dawson N Y N N N [12,22]
C. nakamurae E.Y.Dawson C. hanaense R.E.Norris and I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [12]
C. paniculatum Okamura N Y N N N [12]
C. punctiforme Setchell N Y N N N [12]
C. serpens Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [12]
C. tranquillum Meneses Y Y N N N [12]
C. vagans P.C.Silva N Y N N N [12,22]
C. womersleyi R.E.Norris and I.A.Abbott Y Y Y Y N [12,22,24]
Corallophila Weber Bosse C. huysmansii (Weber Bosse) R.E.Norris N Y N N N [12,22]
C. itonoi (Ardré) R.E.Norris N Y N N N [12]
C. kleiwegii Weber Bosse C. apiculata (Yamada) R.E.Norris N Y N N N [12,22]
C. ptilocladioides (R.E.Norris and I.A.Abbott) R.E.Norris Y Y N N N [12]
Delesseriopsis Okamura D. elegans Okamura N Y N N N [12]
Gayliella T.O.Cho, L.M.McIvor and S.M.Boo G. fimbriata (Setchell and N.L.Gardner) T.O.Cho and S.M.Boo Ceramium fimbriatum Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
G. flaccida (Harvey ex Kützing) T.O.Cho and L.J.McIvor Ceramium flaccidum (Harvey ex Kützing) Ardissone N Y N N N [9,12,22]
Ossiella A.J.K.Millar and I.A.Abbott O. pacifica A.J.K.Millar and I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [12]
Perikladosporon Athanasiadis P. percurrens (E.Y.Dawson) Athanasiadis Antithamnion percurrens E.Y.Dawson N Y Y N N [12,24]
Delesseriaceae Branchioglossum Kylin B. prostratum C.W.Schneider N Y N N N [12,22]
Cryptopleura Kützing C. peltata (Montagne) M.J.Wynne C. corallinarum (Nott) N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [12]
Dasya C.Agardh D. anastomosans (Weber Bosse) M.J.Wynne D. pilosa (Weber Bosse) A.J.K.Millar N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
D. atropurpurea Vroom Y Y N N N [22,49]
D. pedicellata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh D. baillouviana (S.G.Gmelin) Montagne N Y Y N N [22,24] Doubtful record. Detailed analyses may demonstrate this to be an undescribed species [50].
D. corymbifera J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
D. iridescens (Schlech) A.J.K.Millar and I.A.Abbott Eupogodon iridescens Schlech N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
D. kristeniae I.A.Abbott N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
D. murrayana I.A.Abbott and A.J.K.Millar N Y Y N N [12,24]
D. villosa Harvey N Y N N N [22]
Dotyella Womersley and Shepley D. hawaiiensis (Doty and Wainwright) Womersley and Shepley N Y N N N [9,12,22]
D. hawaiiensis var. clavata Hollenberg Y Y N N N [51]
D. irregularis I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [9,12,22]
Haraldiophyllum A.D.Zinova H. hawaiiense M.O.Paiano, Huisman and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [5]
Heterosiphonia Montagne H. crispella (C.Agardh) M.J.Wynne H. wurdemannii (Bailey ex Harvey) Falkenberg N Y Y N N [12,22,24,47]
Hypoglossum Kützing H. barbatum Okamura N Y N N N [12,22]
H. caloglossoides M.J.Wynne and Kraft N Y N N N [12,22]
H. minimum Yamada N Y N N N [12,22]
H. rhizophorum D.L.Ballantine and M.J.Wynne N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
H. simulans M.J.Wynne, I.R.Price and D.L.Ballantine N Y N N N [12,22]
H. wynnei I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
Malaconema Womersley and Shepley M. minimum Hollenberg N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Martensia K.Hering M. abbottiae A.R.Sherwood and S.-M.Lin Y Y Y Y Y [6]
M. albida Y.Lee M. fragilis Harvey, M. flabelliformis Harvey ex J.Agardh N Y Y Y N [6,9,12,22] Many records of M. fragilis and M. flabelliformis in Hawai‘i correspond to this species [6].
M. hawaiiensis A.R.Sherwood and S.-M.Lin M. flabelliformis Harvey ex J.Agardh Y Y Y Y Y [6,9,12,22] Many records of M. flabelliformis in Hawai‘i correspond to this species [6].
M. lauhiekoeloa A.R.Sherwood and S.-M.Lin Y Y Y Y Y [6]
M. tsudae A.R.Sherwood and S.-M.Lin M. fragilis Harvey Y Y Y Y Y [6,9,12,22] Many records of M. fragilis in Hawai‘i correspond to this species [6].
Nitophyllum Greville N. adhaerens M.J.Wynne N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Phrix J.G.Stewart P. spatulata (E.Y.Dawson) M.J.Wynne, M.Kamiya and J.A.West Apoglossum gregarium (E.Y.Dawson) M.J.Wynne N Y N N N [12]
Schizoseris Kylin S. bombayensis (Børgesen) Showe M.Lin Myriogramme bombayensis Børgesen N Y N N N [12,22]
Taenioma J.Agardh T. perpusillum (J.Agardh) J.Agardh N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Vanvoorstia Harvey V. coccinea Harvey ex J.Agardh N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
V. spectabilis Harvey N Y N N N [12,22]
Rhodomelaceae Acanthophora J.V.Lamouroux A. pacifica (Setchell) Kraft Cladhymenia pacifica Setchell N Y Y N N [9,12]
A. spicifera (M.Vahl) Børgesen N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Amansia J.V.Lamouroux A. fimbrifolia (R.E.Norris) L.E.Phillips Melanamansia fimbrifolia R.E.Norris N Y Y N N [12,22,24,52]
A. glomerata C.Agardh Melanamansia glomerata (C.Agardh) R.E.Norris N Y Y Y Y [9,12,22,24,52] A. daemelii (Sonder) J.Agardh should no longer be considered part of the Hawaiian flora; these specimens represent A. glomerata [52]
Chondria C.Agardh C. arcuata Hollenberg N Y Y N N [12,19,22,24]
C. dangeardii E.Y.Dawson N Y Y N N [12,19,22,24,53]
C. minutula Weber Bosse N Y N N N [9,12,22]
C. polyrhiza Collins and Hervey N Y N N N [9,12,22]
C. simpliciuscula Weber Bosse N Y N N N [12,22]
C. tumulosa A.R.Sherwood and Huisman Y Y Y Y Y [19]
Chondrophycus (J.Tokida and Y.Saito) Garbary and J.T.Harper C. cartilagineus (Yamada) Garbary and J.T.Harper Laurencia cartilaginea Yamada N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
C. dotyi (Y.Saito) K.W.Nam Laurencia dotyi Saito N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
C. succisus (A.B.Cribb) K.W.Nam Laurencia succisa A.B.Cribb N Y Y N N [9,12,24,53]
C. undulatus (Yamada) Garbary and Harper Laurencia undulata Yamada N Y Y N N [12,24]
Digenea C.Agardh D. cymatophila (R.E.Norris) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Alsidium cymatophilum R.E.Norris N Y Y Y N [12,24]
Ditria Hollenberg D. reptans Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22]
Epizonaria Díaz-Tapia and Maggs E. prostrata (Harvey) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Lophosiphonia prostrata (Harvey) Falkenberg N Y N N N [12,22]
Exophyllum Weber Bosse E. wentii Weber Bosse N Y N N N [12]
Hawaiia Hollenberg H. trichia Hollenberg Y Y N N N [12]
Herposiphonia Nägeli H. arcuata Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,54]
H. crassa Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,54]
H. delicatula Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,54]
H. dendroidea Hollenberg N Y N N N [22,54]
H. dubia Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,54]
H. nuda Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,54]
H. obscura Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,54]
H. pacifica Hollenberg N Y N N N [9,12,22,54]
H. parca Setchell N Y N N N [9,12,22,54]
H. secunda (C.Agardh) Ambronn N Y N N N [9,12,22]
H. tenella (C.Agardh) Ambronn N Y N N N [22,54]
H. variabilis Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,54]
Janczewskia Solms-Laubach J. hawaiiana Apt Y Y Y Y N [12,24,53]
Kapraunia Savoie and G.W.Saunders K. pentamera (Hollenberg) Savoie and G.W.Saunders Polysiphonia pentamera Hollenberg N Y N N N [12]
Laurencia J.V.Lamouroux L. brachyclados Pilger N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24,55]
L. decumbens Kützing N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
L. dendroidea J.Agardh L. majuscula (Harvey) A.H.S.Lucas N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24,55]
L. elegans A.H.S.Lucas N Y Y Y N [55]
L. galtsoffii M.Howe N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
L. glandulifera (Kützing) Kützing N Y N N N [12]
L. mariannensis Yamada N Y N N N [12,22]
L. mcdermidiae I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,24,55]
L. nidifica J.Agardh N Y Y Y N [12,22,24,55]
L. obtusa (Hudson) J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [13,44]
L. subsimplex C.K.Tseng N Y N N N [22]
L. tenera C.K.Tseng N Y N N N [12]
Leveillea Decaisne L. jungermannioides (Hering and G.Martens) Harvey N Y Y N N [12,24]
Lophocladia (J.Agardh) F.Schmitz L. kipukaia Schlech N Y N N N [12]
L. kuesteri I.A.Abbott, D.L.Ballantine and O’Doherty Y Y Y Y N [22,56]
L. trichoclados (C.Agardh) F.Schmitz N Y N N N [22]
Lophosiphonia Falkenberg L. cristata Falkenberg N Y N N N [12,22]
Melanothamnus Bornet and Falkenberg M. apiculatus (Hollenberg) Díaz- Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia apiculata Hollenberg, Neosiphonia apiculata (Hollenberg) Masuda and Kogame N Y N N N [12,22,57]
M. delicatulus (Hollenberg) Huisman Polysiphonia delicatula Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,57]
M. ecorticatus (R.E.Norris) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Fernandosiphonia ecorticata R.E.Norris N Y N N N [12]
M. hancockii (E.Y.Dawson) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia hancockii E.Y.Dawson N Y N N N [12]
M. hawaiiensis (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Neosiphonia hawaiiensis (Hollenberg) M.-S.Kim and I.A.Abbott, Polysiphonia hawaiiensis Hollenberg N Y N N N [9,12,57]
M. nanus (A.J.K.Millar) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Fernandosiphonia nana A.J.K.Millar N Y N N N [12]
M. polyphysus (Kützing) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Neosiphonia polyphysa (Kützing) Skelton and South, Polysiphonia polyphysa Kützing N Y N N N [22]
M. pseudovillum (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia pseudovillum Hollenberg N Y N N N [9,12,22,57]
M. quadratus (Hollenberg) Huisman Polysiphonia quadrata Hollenberg N Y N N N [57,58]
M. savatieri (Hariot) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia savatieri Hariot, Polysiphonia japonica var. savatieri (Hariot) H.Y.Yoon, Neosiphonia savatieri (Hariot) M.S.Kim and I.K.Lee N Y N N N [12,22,57]
M. simplex (Hollenberg) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia simplex Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22]
M. sparsus (Setchell) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia sparsa (Setchell) Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,57]
M. sphaerocarpus (Børgesen) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Neosiphonia sphaerocarpa (Børgesen) M.-S.Kim and I.K.Lee, Polysiphonia sphaerocarpa Børgesen N Y N N N [9,12,22,57]
M. tongatensis (Harvey ex Kützing) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia tongatensis Harvey ex Kützing N Y N N N [12]
M. upolensis (Grunow) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Neosiphonia upolensis (Grunow) M.S.Kim and Boo, Polysiphonia upolensis Grunow N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24,57]
Micropeuce J.Agardh M. setosa I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
Neotenophycus Kraft and I.A.Abbott N. ichthyosteus Kraft and I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [59]
Osmundaria J.V.Lamouroux O. fimbriata (J.V.Lamouroux) R.E.Norris Vidalia fimbriata (Lamouroux) J.Agardh N Y N N N [58]
O. obtusiloba (C.Agardh) R.E.Norris N Y Y N N [12,24]
Palisada K.W.Nam P. crustiformans (K.J.McDermid) A.R.Sherwood, A.Kurihara and K.W.Nam Laurencia crustiformans K.J.McDermid N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24,60]
P. parvipapillata (C.K.Tseng) K.W.Nam Laurencia parvipapillata C.K.Tseng, Chondrophycus parvipapillatus (C.K.Tseng) Garbary and J.T.Harper N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
P. perforata (Bory) K.W.Nam N Y N N N [22]
P. surculigera (C.K.Tseng) K.W.Nam N Y N N N [22]
P. thuyoides (Kützing) Cassano, Sentíes, Gil-Rodríguez and M.T.Fujii Laurencia paniculata (C.Agardh) J.Agardh N Y N N N [61] Doubtful record.
P. yamadana (M.Howe) K.W.Nam Laurencia yamadana M.Howe N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Phaeocolax Hollenberg P. kajimurae Hollenberg N Y N N N [12]
Polysiphonia Greville P. anomala Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,57]
P. beaudettei Hollenberg Neosiphonia beaudettei (Hollenberg) M.S.Kim and I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [12,22]
P. exilis Harvey N Y N N N [12,22]
P. homoia Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [12]
P. poko Hollenberg Neosiphonia poko (Hollenberg) I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [9,12,22,57]
P. profunda Hollenberg Neosiphonia profunda (Hollenberg) M.-S.Kim and I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12,57]
P. rubrorhiza Hollenberg Neosiphonia rubrorhiza (Hollenberg) M.-S.Kim and I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12,22,57]
P. saccorhiza (Collins and Hervey) Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,57]
P. scopulorum Harvey N Y N N N [12,22,57]
P. sertularioides (Grateloup) J.Agardh Neosiphonia sertularioides (Grateloup) K.W.Nam and P.J.Kang, P. flaccidissima Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,57]
P. subtilissima Montagne N Y Y N N [12,57,62]
P. triton P.C.Silva N Y N N N [12]
P. tsudana Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22]
P. tuberosa Hollenberg Y Y N N N [12,22,57]
P. villum J.Agardh N Y N N N [38]
Rhodolachne M.J.Wynne R. decussata M.J.Wynne N Y Y N N [12,24]
Spirocladia Børgesen S. barodensis Børgesen N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
S. hodgsoniae I.A.Abbott Y Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
Symphyocladia Falkenberg S. marchantioides (Harvey) Falkenberg N Y N N N [12]
Tayloriella Kylin T. dictyurus (J.Agardh) Kylin N Y Y N N [12,24]
Tolypiocladia F.Schmitz T. glomerulata (C.Agardh) F.Schmitz N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Ululania K.E.Apt and K.E.Schlech U. stellata K.E.Apt and K.E.Schlech Y Y Y Y N [12,24,53]
Vertebrata S.F.Gray V. foetidissima (Cocks ex Bornet) Díaz-Tapia and Maggs Polysiphonia tepida Hollenberg, P. foetidissima Cocks ex Bornet, Neosiphonia tepida (Hollenberg) S.M.Guimarães and M.T.Fujii N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Wilsonosiphonia D.Bustamante, Won and T.O.Cho W. howei (Hollenberg) D.Bustamante, Won and T.O.Cho Polysiphonia howei Hollenberg N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Womersleyella Hollenberg W. herpa (Hollenberg) R.E.Norris Polysiphonia herpa Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22,57]
W. pacifica Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,22]
W. setacea (Hollenberg) R.E.Norris Polysiphonia setacea Hollenberg N Y N N N [12,57]
Xiphosiphonia Savoie and G.W.Saunders X. pennata (C.Agardh) Savoie and G.W.Saunders Pterosiphonia pennata (C.Agardh) Sauvageau N Y N N N [12]
Wrangeliaceae Anotrichium Nägeli A. secundum (Harvey ex J.Agardh) G.Furnari N Y N N N [9,12,22]
A. tenue (C.Agardh) Nägeli N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Diplothamnion A.B.Joly and Yamaguishi D. jolyi C.Hoek N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Griffithsia C.Agardh G. heteromorpha Kützing N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
G. metcalfii C.K.Tseng N Y N N N [12]
G. schousboei Montagne N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
G. subcylindrica Okamura N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Haloplegma Montagne H. duperreyi Montagne N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Lejolisia Bornet L. pacifica Itono N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Monosporus Solier M. indicus Børgesen N Y Y N N [12,24]
Pleonosporium Nägeli P. intricatum R.E.Norris Y Y N N N [12]
Ptilothamnion Thuret P. cladophorae (Yamada and T.Tanaka) G.Feldmann-Mazoyer N Y N N N [12,22]
Spongoclonium Sonder S. caribaeum (Børgesen) M.J.Wynne Pleonosporium caribaeum (Børgesen) R.E.Norris N Y N N N [12]
Tiffaniella Doty and Meñez T. saccorhiza (Setchell and N.L.Gardner) Doty and Meñez N Y N N N [12,22]
Wrangelia C.Agardh W. dumontii (E.Y.Dawson) I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [9,12,22]
W. elegantissima R.E.Norris N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
W. penicillata (C.Agardh) C.Agardh N Y N N N [13]
Colaconematales Colaconemataceae Colaconema Batters C. corymbiferum (Thuret) Alongi, Cormaci and G.Furnari Acrochaetium corymbiferum (Thuret) Batters N Y N N N [12]
C. hypneae (Børgesen) A.A.Santos and C.W.N.Moura Acrochaetium hypneae (Børgesen) Børgesen, A. seriatum Børgesen N Y N N N [9]
C. nemalii (De Notaris ex Dufour) Stegenga Acrochaetium nemalii (De Notaris ex Dufour) Børgesen N Y N N N [12] Abbott [12] lists “A. nemalionis (DeNotaris ex Ardissone) Bornet”; the assumption in AlgaeBase is that she meant A. nemalii (DeNotaris ex Dufour) Børgesen. There is no taxon by the former name listed in AlgaeBase.
C. robustum (Børgesen) Huisman and Woelkerling Acrochaetium robustum Børgesen N Y N N N [12]
Corallinales Corallinaceae Arthrocardia Decaisne Arthrocardia sp. U Y Y N N [24]
Ellisolandia K.R.Hind and G.W.Saunders E. elongata (J.Ellis and Solander) K.R.Hind and G.W.Saunders Corallina elongata J.Ellis and Solander N Y N N N [12]
Jania J.V.Lamouroux J. micrarthrodia J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [9,12,22]
J. pedunculata var. adhaerens (J.V.Lamouroux) A.S.Harvey, Woelkerling and Reviers J. adhaerens J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [12,22]
J. pumila J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [9,12,22]
J. subulata (Ellis and Solander) Sonder Haliptilon subulatum (J.Ellis and Solander) H.W.Johansen N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
J. tenella (Kützing) Grunow N Y N N N [47]
J. verrucosa J.V.Lamouroux nom. rejic. N Y N N N [12,22] The status of Jania species in Hawai‘i requires intensive molecular study.
Hapalidiaceae Choreonema F.Schmitz C. thuretii (Bornet) F.Schmitz N Y N N N [22,44]
Phymatolithon Foslie Phymatolithon sp. U Y Y N N [24]
Hydrolithaceae Hydrolithon (Foslie) Foslie H. boergesenii (Foslie) Foslie H. reinboldii (Weber Bosse and Foslie) Foslie N Y Y N N [22,24]
H. breviclavium (Foslie) Foslie N Y N N N [13,63]
H. farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) Penrose and Y.M.Chamberlain N Y N N N [9,22]
Lithophyllaceae Amphiroa J.V.Lamouroux A. beauvoisii J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y N N [9,12,22]
A. foliacea J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y N N [12,24]
A. fragilissima (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [13,22]
A. rigida J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [9,12,22]
A. valonioides Yendo N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Lithophyllum Philippi L. ganeopsis W.H.Adey, R.A.Townsend and Boykins Y Y N N N [38,64]
L. insipidum W.H.Adey, R.A.Townsend and Boykins N Y Y Y N [24,65]
L. kotschyanum Unger N Y Y N N [9,13,24,65]
L. prototypum (Foslie) Foslie Tenarea tessellata (Lemoine) Littler ex Adey et al., Titanoderma tessellatum (Me.Lemoine) Woelkerling, Y.M.Chamberlain and P.C.Silva N Y N N N [66,67] Doubtful record
L. subreduncum Foslie Y Y Y Y Y [68,69] According to Basso et al. [69], known only from the type locality and other reports (from AlgaeBase) require verification.
Mastophoraceae Mastophora Decaisne M. pacifica (Heydrich) Foslie N Y N N N [9,70]
M. rosea (C.Agardh)Setchell N Y N N N [22,43]
Metamastophora Setchell Metamastophora sp. U Y Y N N [24]
Mesophyllumaceae Mesophyllum Me.Lemoine M. erubescens (Foslie) Me.Lemoine N Y Y Y N [65,71]
M. mesomorphum (Foslie) W.H.Adey N Y N N N [13]
M. syrphetodes W.H.Adey, R.A.Townsend and Boykins N Y N N N [64]
Porolithaceae Dawsoniolithon Caragnano, Foetisch, Maneveldt and Payri D. conicum (E.Y.Dawson) Caragnano, Foetisch, Maneveldt and Payri Pneophyllum conicum (E.Y.Dawson) Keats, Y.M.Chamberlain and M.Baba N Y Y N N [9,65]
Porolithon Foslie P. gardineri (Foslie) Foslie Hydrolithon gardineri (Foslie) Verheij and Prud’homme N Y Y N N [9,13,24,65]
P. onkodes (Heydrich) Foslie Hydrolithon onkodes (Heydrich) Penrose and Woelkerling N Y Y N N [9,24,29,72,73]
Spongitidaceae Neogoniolithon Setchell and L.R.Mason N. brassica-florida (Harvey) Setchell and L.R.Mason N. frutescens (Foslie) Setchell and L.R.Mason N Y Y N N [13,22,24]
Erythropeltales Erythropeltales incertae sedis Madagascaria J.A.West and N.Kikuchi Madagascaria sp. U Y Y N N [24]
Erythotrichiaceae Erythrotrichia Areschoug E. carnea (Dillwyn) J.Agardh N Y N N N [12,22]
Sahlingia Kornmann S. subintegra (Rosenvinge) Kornmann N Y Y N N [9,24]
Gelidiales Gelidiaceae Gelidium J.V.Lamouroux G. arenarium Kylin N Y N N N [38]
G. crinale (Hare ex Turner) Gaillon N Y Y N N [12,24]
G. pluma Bornet ex N.H.Loomis Y Y Y Y N [9,12,24]
G. pusillum (Stackhouse) Le Jolis N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
G. pusillum var. pacificum W.R.Taylor N Y N N N [74]
G. reediae N.H.Loomis Y Y Y N N [12,24]
G. reptans (Suhr) Kylin N Y N N N [38]
Gelidiellaceae Gelidiella Feldmann and G.Hamel G. acerosa (Forsskål) Feldmann and Hamel N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
G. fanii S.- M.Lin N Y Y Y N [75,76]
G. machrisiana E.Y.Dawson N Y Y N N [12,24]
Millerella G.H.Boo and S.M. Boo M. myrioclada (Børgesen) G.H.Boo Gelidiella myrioclada (Børgesen) Feldmann and Hamel N Y N N N [12,22]
Parviphycus Santelices P. adnatus (E.Y.Dawson) B.Santelices N Y N N N [77]
P. antipae (Celan) B.Santelices Gelidiella antipae Celan N Y N N N [12]
P. womersleyanus (Kraft and I.A.Abbott) B.Santelices Gelidiella womersleyana Kraft and I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
Pterocladiaceae Pterocladiella B.Santelices and Hommersand P. bulbosa (N.H.Loomis) Santelices Pterocladia bulbosa N.H.Loomis N Y N N N [12]
P. caerulescens (Kützing) Santelices and Hommersand Pterocladia caerulescens (Kützing) Santelices N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
P. caloglossoides (M.Howe) Santelices N Y N N N [12,22]
P. capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Santelices and Hommersand Pterocladia capillacea (S.G.Gmelin) Bornet N Y Y N N [9,12,22]
Gigartinales Caulacanthaceae Caulacanthus Kützing C. ustulatus (Turner) Kützing N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Chondrymeniaceae Dissimularia G.T.Kraft and G.W.Saunders D. dactylocarpa G.T.Kraft and G.W.Saunders N Y Y Y Y [78]
D. umbraticola (E.Y.Dawson) G.T.Kraft and G.W.Saunders Cryptonemia umbraticola E.Y.Dawson N Y N N N [9,12]
Cubiculosporaceae Cubiculosporum Kraft C. koronicarpis Kraft N Y N N N [12]
Cystocloniaceae Calliblepharis Kützing C. saidana (Holmes) M.Y.Yang and M.S.Kim Hypnea saidana Holmes N Y Y N N [9] Doubtful record.
C. yasutakei M.O.Paiano and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [79]
Hypnea J.V.Lamouroux H. caraibica Nauer, Cassano and M.C.Oliveira H. musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux (in part?) N Y Y Y Y [9,12,80] Nauer et al. [80] state that the alga known in Hawai‘i as H. musciformis is not the same as that species, and described H. caraibica, to which it belongs.
H. cervicornis J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,12] These Hawaiian records are likely not H. cervicornis according to Nauer et al. [80].
H. chordacea Kützing N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
H. esperi Bory nom. illeg. N Y N N N [22] The status of Hypnea species in Hawai‘i requires intensive molecular study.
H. musciformis (Wulfen) J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
H. pannosa J.Agardh N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
H. spinella (C.Agardh) Kützing N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
H. tsudae M.O.Paiano, F.P.Cabrera and A.R.Sherwood Calliblepharis saidana (Holmes) M.Y.Yang and M.S.Kim, H. saidana Holmes Y Y Y Y Y [79] Described to accommodate a Bishop Museum specimen labeled “Calliblepharis saidana” but which was shown to be a Hypnea instead.
H. valentiae (Turner) Montagne N Y Y N N [12,22,24,32]
Hypneocolax Børgesen H. stellaris Børgesen N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
H. stellaris f. orientalis Weber Bosse H. stellaris subsp. orientalis (Weber Bosse) Womersley N Y Y N N [12,24]
Dicranemataceae Tylotus J.Agardh T. laqueatus Kraft, K.Y.Conklin and A.R. Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [81]
Dumontiaceae Dudresnaya P.Crouan and H.Crouan D. babbittiana Abbott and K.J.McDermid Y Y Y Y N [8,9,22,82,83]
D. hawaiiensis R.K.S.Lee N Y Y Y N [8,9,12,22,84]
D. littleri I.A.Abbott D. lubrica Littler Y Y Y Y N [9,12,83]
Gibsmithia Doty G. dotyi Kraft and R.W.Ricker N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
G. hawaiiensis Doty Y Y Y Y N [8,9,12,22,24,85]
G. punonomaewa A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [8]
Etheliaceae Ethelia Weber Bosse E. hawaiiensis A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [86]
Gigartinaceae Chondracanthus Kützing C. acicularis (Roth) Fredericq N Y Y N N [12,24]
C. okamurae I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [87]
C. tenellus (Harvey) Hommersand N Y Y N N [12,24]
Chondrus Stackhouse C. ocellatus Holmes N Y Y N N [12,24] Kittle et al. (unpubl.) demonstrated that this represents an undescribed species of Chondrus, not C. ocellatus.
Mazzaella G.De Toni M. volans (C.Agardh) Fredericq N Y Y N N [12,24]
Gloiosiphoniaceae Peleophycus I.A.Abbott P. multiprocarpius I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [12,24]
Kallymeniaceae Croisettea M.J.Wynne C. haukoaweo F.P.Cabrera and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [88]
C. kalaukapuae F.P.Cabrera and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [88]
C. ohelouliuli F.P.Cabrera and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [88]
C. pakualapa F.P.Cabrera and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [88]
Kallymenia J.Agardh K. sessilis Okamura N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
K. thompsonii I.A.Abbott and McDermid N Y Y N N [9,22,24,89]
Meredithia J.Agardh M. hawaiiensis F.P.Cabrera, Huisman and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [4]
Psaromenia D’Archino, W.A.Nelson and Zuccarello P. laulamaula F.P.Cabrera, Huisman and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [4]
Phyllophoraceae Ahnfeltiopsis P.C.Silva and DeCew A. flabelliformis (Harvey) Masuda N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
A. pygmaea (J.Agardh) P.C.Silva and DeCew N Y Y N N [12,24]
Besa Setchell B. divaricata (Holmes) M.S.Calderon and S.M.Boo Ahnfeltiopsis divaricata (Holmes) Masuda N Y Y N N [12,24]
Gymnogongrus C.Martius G. durvillei (Bory) M.S.Calderon and S.M.Boo Ahnfeltiopsis concinna (J.Agardh) P.C.Silva and DeCew N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24]
Rhizophillidaceae Portieria Zanardini P. hornemannii (Lyngbye) P.C.Silva Desmia hornemannii Lyngbye N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24,90] Leliaert et al. [90] identified 92 candidate species within P. hornemannii worldwide, and Hawaiian specimens were in 2 of these; thus, these lineages may eventually be described as new species.
Solieriaceae Eucheuma J.Agardh E. denticulatum (N.L.Burman) Collins and Hervey N Y Y N N [9,12,24,91] Type locality unknown.
Kappaphycus Doty K. alvarezii (Doty) L.M.Liao N Y Y Y N [9,12,24,91,92]
K. striatus (F.Schmitz) L.M.Liao N Y Y N N [9,12,24,91]
Wurdemannia Harvey W. miniata (Sprengel) Feldmann and Hamel N Y N N N [12]
Gracilariales Gracilariaceae Gracilaria Greville G. abbottiana M.D.Hoyle N Y Y Y N [12,24]
G. bursa-pastoris (S.G.Gmelin) P.C.Silva N Y N N N [13]
G. coronopifolia J.Agardh N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24,93]
G. dawsonii Hoyle Y Y Y N N [9,12,24]
G. dotyi Hoyle Y Y Y Y N [12,24]
e G. epihippisora Hoyle Y Y Y Y N [12,24]
G. millardetii (Montagne) J.Agardh N Y N N N [22]
G. parvispora I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,24]
G. salicornia (C.Agardh) E.Y.Dawson N Y Y Y N [9,12,24,93]
G. tikvahiae McLachlan N Y Y N N [12,24]
Gracilariopsis E.Y.Dawson G. lemaneiformis (Bory) E.Y.Dawson, Acleto and Foldvik Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Greville N Y Y N N [12,24]
Halymeniales Grateloupiaceae Dermocorynus P.Crouan and H.Crouan D. occidentalis Hollenberg N Y N N N [12]
Grateloupia C.Agardh G. clarionensis (Setchell and N.L.Gardner) S.Kawaguchi and H.W.Wang Prionitis clarionensis (Setchell and N.L.Gardner) Kajimura N Y N N N [94]
G. corymbifera (I.A.Abbott) S.Kawaguchi and H.W.Wang Prionitis corymbifera I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
G. filicina (J.V.Lamouroux) C.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
G. hawaiiana E.Y.Dawson Y Y Y Y N [9,12,24]
G. phuquocensis Tanaka and Pham-Hoàng Hô N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Halymeniaceae Carpopeltis F.Schmitz C. bushiae (Farlow) Kylin N Y N N N [12]
Cryptonemia J.Agardh C. yendoi Weber Bosse N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Halymenia C.Agardh H. actinophysa M.Howe N Y N N N [12]
H. chiangiana I.A.Abbott and Kraft Y Y N N N [12]
H. cromwellii I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [12]
H. formosa Harvey ex Kützing N Y Y N N [12,24]
H. hawaiiana Hernández-Kantún and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [95]
H. stipitata I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,24,95]
Polyopes J.Agardh P. hakalauensis (Tilden) I.A.Abbott Y Y Y Y N [12,24,87,96]
Hildenbrandiales Hildenbrandiaceae Hildenbrandia Nardo H. rubra (Sommerfelt) Meneghini N Y Y N N [24]
Nemaliales Galaxauraceae Actinotrichia Decaisne A. fragilis (Forsskål) Børgesen N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Dichotomaria Lamarck D. apiculata (Kjellman) A.Kurihara and Masuda Galaxaura acuminata Kjellman ex Butters, G. apiculata Kjellman N Y N N N [13]
D. marginata (J.Ellis and Solander) Lamarck Galaxaura marginata (Ellis and Solander) J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y N N [9,12,24,97]
D. obtusata (J.Ellis and Solander) Lamarck Galaxaura obtusata (J.Ellis and Solander) J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [9,12]
Galaxaura J.V.Lamouroux G. divaricata (Linnaeus) Huisman and R.A.Townsend G. fasciculata Kjellman N Y Y N N [12,24]
G. filamentosa R.C.Y.Chou N Y Y N N [12,24]
G. rugosa (J.Ellis and Solander) J.V.Lamouroux G. subverticillata Kjellman N Y Y N N [9,12,22,97]
Tricleocarpa Huisman and Borowitzska T. cylindrica (J.Ellis and Solander) Huisman and Borowitzka N Y Y N N [9,12,22,98]
T. fastigiata (Decaisne) Huisman, G.H.Boo and S.M.Boo Galaxaura fastigiata Decaisne N Y N N N [13]
T. fragilis (Linnaeus) Huisman and R.A.Townsend T. oblongata (Ellis and Solander) Huisman and Borowitzka N Y N N N [9,12,22]
Liagoraceae Akalaphycus Huisman, I.A.Abbott and A.R.Sherwood A. liagoroides (Yamada) Huisman, I.A.Abbott and A.R.Sherwood Stenopeltis liagoroides (Yamada) Itono and Yoshizaki N Y Y N N [12,24,99]
A. setchelliae (Yamada) Huisman, I.A.Abbott and A.R.Sherwood Stenopeltis setchelliae (Yamada) Itono and Yoshizaki N Y Y N N [12,24,99]
Dermonema Harvey ex Heydrich D. pulvinatum (Grunow) Fan N Y Y N N [12,24]
Dotyophycus I.A.Abbott D. pacificus I.A.Abbott N Y N N N [12]
D. yamadae (Ohmi and Itono) Abbott and Yoshizaki N Y Y N N [12,24]
Ganonema K.-C.Fan and Y.-C.Wang G. farinosum (J.V.Lamouroux) K.-C.Fan and Y.-C.Wang N Y Y N N [9,12,22,100]
G. papenfussii (I.A.Abbott) Huisman, I.A.Abbott and A.R.Sherwood Liagora papenfussii I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24,100]
G. pinnatum (Harvey) Huisman Liagora pinnata Harvey N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24,100]
G. yoshizakii Huisman, I.A.Abbott, and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [24,100]
Gloiotrichus Huisman and Kraft G. fractalis Huisman and Kraft N Y N N N [101]
Helminthocladia J.Agardh H. rhizoidea Doty and I.A.Abbott Y Y Y N N [12,24,102]
H. simplex Doty and Abbott Y Y N N N [12,102]
Hommersandiophycus S.-M.Lin and Huisman H. samaensis (C.K.Tseng) S.-M.Lin and Huisman Ganonema samaense (C.K.Tseng) Huisman, Liagora samaensis C.K.Tseng N Y Y N N [9,12,24,100]
Izziella Doty I. orientalis (J.Agardh) Huisman and Schils Liagora orientalis J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Liagora J.V.Lamouroux L. albicans J.V.Lamouroux L. maxima Butters N Y Y N N [[9,12,22,24,99]
L. boergesenii Yamada N Y Y N N [12,24]
L. ceranoides J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y N N [9,12,22,32]
L. donaldiana I.A.Abbott and Huisman Y Y Y Y N [9,32,100,103]
L. hawaiiana Butters N Y N N N [12,22]
L. julieae Abbott and Huisman Y Y Y Y N [9,24,32,100,103]
L. robusta Yamada N Y Y N N [22,24]
L. tetrasporifera Børgesen N Y N N N [13] Doubtful record.
L. turneri Zanardini N Y N N N [22]
Macrocarpus S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang and Huisman M. perennis (I.A.Abbott) S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang and Huisman Liagora perennis I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,24,32,99]
Neoizziella Lin, S.-M., Yang, S.-Y. and Huisman N. divaricata (C.K.Tseng) S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang and Huisman Liagora divaricata C.K.Tseng N Y Y N N [9,12,24,32,100]
Stenopeltis Itono and Yoshizaki S. gracilis (Yamada and Tanaka) Itono and Yoshizaki N Y Y N N [9,12,24,32,99]
Titanophycus Huisman, G.W.Saunders and A.R.Sherwood T. setchellii (Yamada) S.-M.Lin, S.-Y.Yang and Huisman Liagora setchellii Yamada N Y N N N [12,22]
T. validus (Harvey) Huisman, G.W.Saunders and A.R.Sherwood Liagora valida Harvey N Y Y N N [9,12,24,32,100,104]
Trichogloea Kützing T. lubrica J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,12,24,32,99]
T. requienii (Montagne) Kützing N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Trichogloeopsis I.A.Abbott and Doty T. hawaiiana I.A.Abbott and Doty N Y N N N [9,12,22]
T. mucosissima (Yamada) I.A.Abbott and Doty N Y N N N [12]
Scinaiaceae Scinaia Bivona-Bernardi S. furcata Zablackis Y Y Y Y N {9,12,24}
S. hormoides Setchell N Y Y Y N [9,12,24]
S. huismanii Vroom and I.A.Abbott Y Y N N N [9,22,105]
Yamadaellaceae Yamadaella I.A.Abbott Y. caenomyce (Decaisne) I.A.Abbott N Y Y N N [9,12,24,32,100]
Nemastomatales Nemastomataceae Predaea G.De Toni P. laciniosa Kraft N Y Y N N [9,12,15,22,24,106]
P. weldii Kraft and I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24,106]
Schizymeniaceae Platoma Schousboe ex F.Schmitz P. ardreanum Kraft and I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y N [9,12,24]
Titanophora (J.Agardh) Feldmann T. pikeana (Dickie) Feldmann N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Peyssonneliales Peyssonneliaceae Agissea Pestana, Lyra, Cassano and J.M.C.Nunes A. inamoena (Pilger) Pestana, Lyra, Cassano and J.M.C. Nunes Peyssonnelia inamoena Pilger N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
A. orientalis (Weber Bosse) Pestana, Lyra, Cassano and J.M.C.Nunes Peyssonnelia orientalis Weber Bosse N Y Y N N [107]
Incendia K.R.Dixon I. lisianskiensis A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [107]
Peyssonnelia Decaisne P. conchicola Piccone and Grunow N Y Y N N [12,24]
P. rubra (Greville) J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Ramicrusta Zhang Derui and Zhou Jinghua R. hawaiiensis A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [108,109]
R. lehuensis A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [108]
Seiria K.R.Dixon S. mesophotica A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [107]
Sonderophycus Denizot S. copusii A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [7]
Pihiellales Pihiellaceae Pihiella Huisman, Sherwood and I.A.Abbott P. liagoraciphila Huisman, A.R.Sherwood and I.A.Abbott N Y Y Y Y [9,17]
Plocamiales Plocamiaceae Plocamium J.V.Lamouroux P. sandvicense J.Agardh N Y Y Y N [9,12,22,24,32]
Rhodachlyales Rhodachlyaceae Rhodachlya J.A.West, J.L.Scott, K.A.West, U.Karsten, S.L.Clayden and G.W.Saunders R. hawaiiana A.Kurihara, J.A.West, K.Y.Conklin and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [110]
Rhodophyta ordo incertae sedis Pterocladiophilaceae Gelidiocolax N.L.Gardner G. mammillatus K.-C.Fan and Papenfuss N Y N N N [12,111]
Rhodymeniales Champiaceae Champia Desvaux C. parvula (C.Agardh) Harvey N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
C. vieillardii Kützing N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Coelothrix Børgesen C. irregularis (Harvey) Børgesen N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Faucheaceae Gloioderma J.Agardh G. iyoense Okamura Gloiocladia iyoensis (Okamura) R.E.Norris N Y Y N N [12,22,24] The taxonomic status of Gloiocladia, Gloioderma, and Fauchea is currently unclear and requires intensive study.
Leptofauchea Kylin L. huawelau E.A.Alvarado, F.P.Cabrera and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [112]
L. lucida Huisman and G.W.Saunders N Y Y Y Y [112]
Lomentariaceae Ceratodictyon Zanardini C. intricatum (C.Agardh) R.E.Norris Gelidiopsis intricata (C.Agardh) Vickers N Y N N N [12,22]
C. scoparium (Montagne and Millardet) R.E.Norris Gelidiopsis scoparia (Montagne and Millardet) De Toni N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
C. variabile (J.Agardh) R.E.Norris Gelidiopsis variabilis (Greville ex J.Agardh) F.Schmitz N Y N N N [12,22]
Yendoa (Yendo) C.C.Santos, Lyra and J.M.C.Nunes Yendoa hakodatensis (Yendo) C.C.Santos, Lyra and J.M.C.Nunes Lomentaria hakodatensis Yendo N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Rhodymeniaceae Botryocladia (J.Agardh) Pfeiffer B. skottsbergii (Børgesen) Levring N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
B. tenuissima W.R.Taylor N Y N N N [9,12,22]
Chamaebotrys Huisman C. boergesenii (Weber Bosse) Huisman N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Chrysymenia J.Agardh C. glebosa I.A.Abbott and Littler N Y N N N [12,22]
C. kaernbachii Grunow N Y Y N N [12,24]
C. okamurae Yamada and Segawa N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
C. procumbens Weber Bosse N Y N N N [12]
Coelarthrum Børgesen C. cliftonii (Harvey) Kylin N Y Y N N [12,22,24]
Drouetia G.De Toni D. coalescens (Farlow) G.De Toni Halichrysis coalescens (Farlow) R.E.Norris and A.J.K.Millar N Y Y N N [9,12,22,24]
Erythrocolon J.Agardh E. podagricum J.Agardh N Y Y N N [12,24]
Halichrysis (J.Agardh) F.Schmitz H. irregularis (Kützing) A.J.K.Millar N Y N N N [22,44]
Halopeltis J.Agardh H. nuahilihilia E.A.Alvarado, F.P.Cabrera and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [112]
Rhodymenia Greville R. leptophylla J.Agardh R. leptophylloides E.Y.Dawson N Y N N N [9,12,24]
Sebdeniales Sebdeniaceae Lesleigha Kraft and G.W.Saunders L. hawaiiensis Kraft and G.W.Saunders N Y Y Y Y [113]
Sporolithales Sporolithaceae Sporolithon Heydrich S. episoredion (W.H.Adey, R.A.Townsend and Boykins) Verheij N Y N N N [9]
S. erythraeum (Rothpletz) Kylin N Y N N N [9]
Sporolithon sp. S. ptychoides Heydrich N Y Y N N [114] According to Richards et al. [115], Hawaiian records of S. ptychoides Heydrich do not represent this taxon.
Stylonematales Stylonemataceae Chroodactylon Hansgirg C. ornatum (C.Agardh) Basson Asterocytis ramosa (Thwaites) Gobi ex F.Schmitz N Y Y N N [9,12,24]
Stylonema Reinsch S. alsidii (Zanardini) K.M.Drew Goniotrichum alsidii (Zanardini) M.Howe N Y Y N N [12,24]
S. cornu-cervi Reinsch N Y N N N [12,22]
Chlorophyta Bryopsidales Bryopsidaceae Bryopsis J.V.Lamouroux B. hypnoides J.V.Lamouroux N Y N N N [9,14,22]
B. indica A.Gepp and E.Gepp N Y N N N [22]
B. pennata var. pennata N Y N N N [9,14,22]
B. pennata var. secunda (Harvey) Collins and Hervey N Y N N N [9,14]
Caulerpaceae Caulerpa J.V.Lamouroux C. ambigua Okamura Caulerpella ambigua (Okamura) Prud’homme and Lokhorst N Y Y N N [14,22,116]
C. andamanensis (W.R.Taylor) Draisma, Prudhomme and Sauvage Caulerpa filicoides var. andamanensis W.R.Taylor N Y Y N N [117]
C. antoensis Yamada N Y Y N N [14,22,118]
C. chemnitzia (Esper) J.V.Lamouroux Caulerpa peltata J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y U N [22,119]
C. cupressoides (Vahl) C.Agardh N Y Y N N [14,22,118]
C. elongata Weber Bosse N Y N N N [22,119]
C. elongata f. disticha W.R.Taylor N Y N N N [14]
C. filicoides Yamada N Y N N N [120]
C. lentillifera J.Agardh N Y N N N [14]
C. mexicana Sonder ex Kützing N Y Y N N [118,120]
C. microphysa (Weber Bosse) Feldmann C. racemosa f. microphysa Weber Bosse N Y N N N [14,22]
C. nummularia Harvey ex J.Agardh N Y N N N [9,14]
C. racemosa (Forsskål) J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,14,22,118]
C. racemosa var. macrophysa (Sonder ex Kützing) W.R.Taylor C. macrophysa (Sonder ex Kützing) G.Murray N Y Y N N [9,14,118]
C. serrulata (Forsskål) J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,14,22,118]
C. sertularioides (S.G.Gmelin) M.Howe N Y Y N N [9,14,22,118]
C. taxifolia (M.Vahl) C.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,14,22,118]
C. verticillata J.Agardh N Y Y N N [14]
C. webbiana Montagne N Y Y N N [9,14,22,116,118]
Caulerpa J.V.Lamouroux C. webbiana f. disticha Vickers N Y Y N N [118]
Caulerpa J.V.Lamouroux C. webbiana f. tomentella (Harvey ex J.Agardh) Weber Bosse N Y N N N [119]
Codiaceae Codium Stackhouse C. arabicum Kützing N Y Y N N [9,14,22,116]
C. campanulatum P.C.Silva and M.E.Chacana N Y N N N [14]
C. decorticatum (Woodward) M.Howe N Y N N N [14,22]
C. desultorium P.C.Silva and M.E.Chacana Y Y N N N [14]
C. edule P.C.Silva N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,32,116]
C. hawaiiense P.C.Silva and M.E.Chacana Y Y Y N N [14,116]
C. intermedium P.C.Silva and M.E.Chacana Y Y N N N [14]
C. mamillosum Harvey N Y N N N [14,22]
C. phasmaticum Setchell Y Y N N N [14]
C. picturatum F.F.Pedroche and P.C.Silva N Y N N N [14]
C. pomoides J.Agardh N Y N N N [14]
C. reediae P.C.Silva N Y N N N [9,14,22]
C. saccatum Okamura N Y N N N [14,22]
C. spongiosum Harvey N Y N N N [14,22]
C. subtubulosum Okamura N Y N N N [14,22]
Derbesiaceae Derbesia Solier D. fastigiata W.R.Taylor N Y N N N [9,14,22]
D. tenuissima (Moris and De Notaris) P.Crouan and H.Crouan N Y N N N [9,14]
Dichotomosiphonaceae Avrainvillea Decaisne A. lacerata J.Agardh A. amadelpha (Montagne) A.Gepp and E.S.Gepp N Y Y Y Y [9,14,121,122] Wade [122] corrected the identification to A. lacerata.
Halimedaceae Boodleopsis A.Gepp and E.S.Gepp B. hawaiiensis Gilbert Y Y N N N [14]
Chlorodesmis Harvey and Bailey C. caespitosa J.Agardh Rhipidodesmis caespitosa (J.Agardh) A.Gepp and E.Gepp N Y Y N N [9,14,22,116]
C. hildebrandtii A.Gepp and E.S.Gepp N Y N N N [13]
Halimeda J.V.Lamouroux H. copiosa Goreau and E.A.Graham N Y N N N [14]
H. discoidea Decaisne N Y Y U N [9,14,22,123,124]
H. distorta (Yamada) Hillis-Colinvaux N Y Y N N [22], GenBank accession AF525647
H. fragilis W.R.Taylor N Y N N N [47]
H. gracilis Harvey ex J.Agardh N Y Y Y N [14,22,124]
H. incrassata (J.Ellis) J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y Y N [14,125]
H. kanaloana Vroom N Y Y Y Y [9,125]
H. macroloba Decaisne N Y N N N [14,22]
H. opuntia (Linnaeus) J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y N N [9,14,22]
H. tuna (J.Ellis and Solander) J.V.Lamouroux N Y Y N N [14]
H. velasquezii W.R.Taylor N Y N N N [14,22]
Rhipidosiphon Montagne R. javensis Montagne N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Siphonogramen I.A.Abbott and Huisman S. abbreviatum (W.J.Gilbert) I.A.Abbott and Huisman Udotea abbreviata Gilbert N Y Y Y N [14,124]
S. parvum (W.J.Gilbert) I.A.Abbott and Huisman Pseudochlorodesmis parva W.J.Gilbert N Y N N N [14,126]
Udotea J.V.Lamouroux U. geppiorum Yamada N Y Y N N [127]
Ostreobiaceae Ostreobium Bornet and Flahault O. quekettii Bornet and Flahault N Y N N N [73]
Pseudobryopsidaceae Pseudobryopsis Berthold P. oahuensis Egerod N Y Y Y N [9,14,22,128]
Chaetophorales Uronemataceae Uronema Lagerheim U. marinum Womersley N Y N N N [14,22]
Cladophorales Anadyomenaceae Anadyomene J.V.Lamouroux A. cladophoroides (W.J.Gilbert) M.D.Guiry and A.R.Sherwood comb. nov. 4 Y? Y N N N [129] AlgaeBase lists this as a provisional record in need of confirmation.
A. wrightii Harvey ex J.E.Gray N Y N N N [14]
Microdictyon Decaisne M. japonicum Setchell N Y N N N [13]
M. setchellianum M.Howe N Y N N N [9,14,22]
M. umbilicatum (Velley) Zanardini N Y Y N N [9,14,22,130]
Boodleaceae Boodlea G.Murray and De Toni B. composita (Harvey) F.Brand N Y Y N N [9,14,22]
B. montagnei (Harvey ex J.E.Gray) Egerod N Y Y N N [9,14,22]
B. vanbosseae Reinbold N Y N N N [22]
Cladophoropsis Børgesen C. fasciculata (Kjellman) Wille C. sundanensis Reinbold N Y N N N [14]
C. membranacea (Hofman-Bang ex C.Agardh) Børgesen N Y N N N [14]
Phyllodictyon J.E.Gray P. anastomosans (Harvey) Kraft and M.J.Wynne N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Cladophoraceae Chaetomorpha Kützing C. aerea (Dillwyn) Kützing N Y N N N [14]
C. antennina (Bory) Kützing N Y N N N [9,14,22]
C. basiretrorsa Setchell N Y N N N [9]
C. brachygona Harvey N Y N N N [14] Doubtful record.
C. indica (Kützing) Kützing N Y N N N [9,14]
C. ligustica (Kützing) Kützing C. capillaris (Kützing) Børgesen N Y N N N [9,14]
Cladophora Kützing C. albida (Nees) Kützing N Y N N N [120]
C. fuiliginosa Kützing C. catenata Kützing N Y Y N N [9,130] According to AlgaeBase “The records of Cladophora catenata outside the Mediterranean most likely refer to Cladophora fuiliginosa Kützing.” See for sequence data: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17574874/ accessed on 3 January 2023
C. flexuosa (O.F.Müller) Kützing N Y N N N [14,22]
C. fuliginosa Kützing C. luxurians (Gilbert) Abbott and Huisman N Y N N N [14]
C. hawaiiana Tilden N Y N N N [14,22]
C. laetevirens (Dillwyn) Kützing N Y N N N [14,22]
C. sericea (Hudson) Kützing N Y N N N [9,14,22]
C. socialis Kützing C. patentiramea (Montagne) Kützing N Y N N N [14,22]
C. vagabunda (Linnaeus) Hoek C. fascicularis (Mertens ex C.Agardh) Kützing N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Lychaete J.Agardh L. sakaii (I.A.Abbott) M.J.Wynne N Y N N N [120]
L. dotyana (W.J.Gilbert) M.J.Wynne Acrocladus dotyanus (W.J.Gilbert) Boedeker, Cladophora dotyana W.J.Gilbert, Cladophora patula Sakai N Y N N N [13,14,22,47]
L. herpestica (Montagne) M.J.Wynne Cladophoropsis adhaerens Gilbert, Cladophoropsis hespestica (Montagne) M.Howe N Y N N N [131,132]
L. japonica (Yamada) M.J.Wynne Cladophora japonica Yamada N Y N N N [14,22]
Pseudorhizoclonium Boedeker P. africanum (Kützing) Boedeker Rhizoclonium africanum Kützing N Y N N N [14]
Rhizoclonium Kützing R. grande Børgesen N Y N N N [14]
R. riparium (Roth) Harvey R. implexum (Dillwyn) Kützing N Y N N N [14]
Siphonocladaceae Dictyosphaeria Decaisne D. cavernosa (Forsskål) Børgesen N Y N N N [9,14,22]
D. versluysii Weber Bosse N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Siphonocladus F.Schmitz S. tropicus (P.Crouan and H.Crouan) J.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,14,22], NCBI BioProject PRJEB49977
Valoniaceae Valonia C.Agardh V. aegagropila C.Agardh N Y Y N N [9,14,22,130]
V. trabeculata Egerod Y Y N N N [9,14]
V. ventricosa J.Agardh Ventricaria ventricosa (J.Agardh) J.L.Olsen and J.A.West N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Valoniopsis Børgesen V. pachynema (G.Martens) Børgesen N Y N N N [14]
Dasycladales Dasycladaceae Bornetella Munier-Chalmas B. sphaerica (Zanardini) Solms-Laubach N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Neomeris J.V.Lamouroux N. annulata Dickie N Y N N N [9,14,22]
N. vanbosseae M.Howe N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Polyphysaceae Parvocaulis S.Berger, U.Fettweiss, S.Gleissberg, L.B.Liddle, U.Richter, H.Sawitzky and G.C.Zuccarello P. clavatus (Yamada) S.Berger, U.Fettweiss, S.Gleissberg, L.B.Liddle, U.Richter, H.Sawitzky and G.C.Zuccarello Acetabularia clavata Yamada N Y N N N [9,14,22]
P. exiguus (Solms-Laubach) S.Berger, Fettweiss, Gleissberg, Liddle, U.Richter, Sawitzky and Zuccarello Acetabularia exigua Solms-Laubach N Y N N N [9,14]
P. parvulus (Solms-Laubach) S.Berger, Fettweiss, Gleissberg, Liddle, U.Richter, Sawitzky and Zuccarello Acetabularia parvula Solms-Laubach N Y Y N N [9,14,22,128]
Ulotrichales Gayraliaceae Gayralia K.L.Vinogradova G. oxysperma (Kützing) K.L.Vinogradova ex Scagel and al. N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Ulotrichaceae Ulothrix Kützing U. subflaccida Wille N Y N N N [22]
Ulvales Kornmanniaceae Neostromatella M.J.Wynne, G.Furnari and R.Nielsen N. monostromatica M.J.Wynne, G.Furnari and R.Nielsen Stromatella monostromatica (P.J.L.Dangeard) Kornmann and Sahling N Y N N N [14]
Phaeophilaceae Phaeophila Hauck P. dendroides (P.Crouan and H.Crouan) Batters N Y N N N [73]
Ulvaceae Ryuguphycus H.Kawai, T.Hanyuda and T.Kitayama R. kuaweuweu (H.L.Spalding and A.R.Sherwood) H.Kawai, T.Hanyuda and T.Kitayama Umbraulva kuaweuweu H.L.Spalding and A.R.Sherwood N Y Y Y Y [3]
Ulva Linnaeus U. clathrata (Roth) C.Agardh Enteromorpha clathrata (Roth) Greville N Y N N N [14,22,133] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. compressa Linnaeus Enteromorpha compressa (Linnaeus) Nees N Y N N N [14,22,133] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
Ulva expansa (Setchell) Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [14,22] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. flexuosa Wulfen Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J.Agardh N Y N N N [9,14,22] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. iliohaha H.L.Spalding and A.R.Sherwood N Y Y Y Y [3]
U. intestinalis Linnaeus Enteromorpha intestinalis (Linnaeus) Nees N Y N N N [14,22] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. lactuca Linnaeus U. fasciata Delile N Y Y N N [9,14,22,133]
Ulva linza Linnaeus Enteromorpha linza (Linnaeus) J.Agardh N Y N N N [14] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. ohiohilulu H.L.Spalding and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [3]
U. ohnoi M.Hiraoka and S.Shimada N Y Y Y N [133]
U. paradoxa C.Agardh Enteromorpha paradoxa (C.Agardh) Kützing, Ulva flexuosa subsp. paradoxa (C.Agardh) M.J.Wynne N Y N N N [14,22] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is unconfirmed in Hawai‘i.
U. prolifera O.F.Müller Enteromorpha prolifera (O.F.Müller) J.Agardh N Y N N N [14,22] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. reticulata Forsskål N Y N N N [9,14,22] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. rigida C.Agardh N Y N N N [14,22] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
U. taeniata (Setchell) Setchell and N.L.Gardner N Y N N N [14] According to O’Kelly et al. [133], this species is likely not found in Hawai‘i.
Umbraulva E.H.Bae and I.K.Lee U. kaloakulau H.L.Spalding and A.R.Sherwood Y Y Y Y Y [3]
Ulvellaceae Ulvella P.Crouan and H.Crouan U. lens P.Crouan and H.Crouan N Y N N N [14,22]
U. scutata (Reinke) R.Nielsen, C.J.O’Kelly and B.Wysor N Y N N N [22]
U. setchellii P.J.L.Dangeard N Y N N N [14]
U. viridis (Reinke) R.Nielsen, C.J.O’Kelly and B.Wysor Entocladia viridis Reinke N Y N N N [14,22]
Ulvophyceae incertae sedis Ulvophyceae familia incertae sedis Blastophysa Reinke B. rhizopus Reinke N Y N N N [9,14]
Prasinodermatophyta Palmophyllales Palmophyllaceae Palmophyllum Kützing P. crassum (Naccari) Rabenhorst N Y N N N [9,14,22]
Tracheophyta Alismatales Hydrocharitaceae Halophila Thouars H. decipiens Ostenfeld N Y N N N [9]
H. hawaiiana Doty and B.C.Stone Y Y Y N N [9,134]
Ruppiaceae Ruppia Linnaeus R. maritima Linnaeus N Y Y N N [9,135]

1 Includes instances where a different name is or has been used to refer to the taxon in the Hawaiian Islands, and includes taxonomic synonyms as well as common and widespread misidentifications. 2 Yes = Y, No = No, Unknown = U. 3 Numbers refer to citations in the references section of this manuscript. 4 Rhipidiphyllon cladophoroides W.J.Gilbert is currently placed in a genus the type of which has been transferred to Anadyoneme. Thus, a new combination is necessary, as follows: Anadyoneme cladophoroides (W.J.Gilbert) comb. nov. Basionym: Rhipidiphyllon cladophoroides W.J.Gilbert, Phycologia 7: 54, figs 1, 3–8, 1969.

Due to seasonality of reproduction, or simply the infrequent nature of these events, many marine algae have heteromorphic life histories, with morphologically distinct gametophytic and sporophytic phases, and the full suite of relevant morphological characters may not be available in the specimens at hand for identification. Moreover, in recent years there have been many demonstrated instances of cryptic and pseudocryptic speciation, e.g., [136,137], as well as suspected incipient speciation—e.g., [52,138], which can provide other scenarios where reliance on morphological features can yield misidentification. Given these pitfalls of employing a strictly morphological approach to identification, greater emphasis has been placed on incorporating molecular comparisons into taxonomic identifications over the past several decades (e.g., as exemplified by recent systematic work on the brown algal genus Lobophora; [139,140,141]), and this is reflected in the degree of confidence in taxonomic identification that can be discerned in the current list.

The Hawaiian marine algal flora is presently comprised of 661 subgeneric taxa (652 species), which compares to the approximately 515 taxa reported for the red, green, and brown Hawaiian marine algal flora by Abbott [12] and Abbott and Huisman [14] during the most recent comprehensive compilations. Relative to other regions, the Hawaiian flora is moderately rich: it compares to the 442 species recorded from Madagascar [23], 425 from French Polynesia [142], 522 from north-western Australia [143,144], 900 from New Zealand [145], and 850 from South Africa [146]. Endemism in the Hawaiian flora is relatively low (13.1%) when compared to other organismal groups, for example: Hawaiian flowering plants (90%) and ferns (about 70% [147]). Vieira et al. [23] reported that the Malagasy seaweeds are 6.5% endemic based on their analyses to date; this is much lower compared to the reported endemism rates for Malagasy terrestrial flora and fauna (37–100%). They also noted that more comprehensive molecular surveys and cross-referencing of records are needed to clarify these figures. Indeed, the Hawaiian inventory includes several records that may be excluded or modified in the future as molecular frameworks (bolstered by intensive systematic study of smaller groups of taxa) clarify the names included here (e.g., for many of the Corallinales).

The Hawaiian archipelago is well known as a center of high endemism and biological uniqueness [2], and an urgent need exists to document the biodiversity of this unique island chain in the face of threats from habitat loss, on-going alien species introductions, invasive species and land-derived pollutants [148], changing coastlines with shoreline development, bloom-forming algae encroaching on shoreline habitat, climate change, corresponding sea-level rise and loss of coral reefs due to depth, and temperature and salinity changes [148,149]. Documentation of the baseline diversity of Hawai‘i’s marine algae and seagrasses is necessary to monitor and assess new arrivals to the State. The Hawaiian Islands are an extremely isolated island chain, clearly the most isolated on the planet, and the relatively dense human population relies heavily on imported material goods, which primarily arrive via shipping. Although research in this area has not been exhaustive, the results from a single survey of hull-fouled ships raise cause for concern. Godwin [150] surveyed eight maritime vessels on the island of O‘ahu for hull-fouling organisms and reported 14 species of red algae, nine green algae and three brown algae (a total of 26 species), of which only nine (35%) were native to the Hawaiian Islands. If these results are extrapolated to the number of vessels traveling to the Hawaiian Islands, then the potential for new algal introductions is truly staggering. At present, new records are often reported without knowledge of the vector of introduction (e.g., Ulva ohnoi, a “green tide” species, was reported from the coastlines of Hawai‘i for the first time in 2010 [133]), but building knowledge of the current macroalgal diversity, especially within a molecular context, will allow future introductions to be assessed more easily and accurately.

5. Conclusions

This compilation of 661 Hawaiian marine algae and seagrasses provides a point-in-time summary that includes a 27% increase over the last compilations from approximately 20 years ago. The fields of taxonomy and systematics have revolutionized during that interval due to the near-ubiquitous incorporation of molecular analyses, which have supported numerous new descriptions at almost all taxonomic levels, confirmation of previous morphology-based identifications, and new taxonomic combinations. With the inclusion of information about “degree of confidence” in identification derived from the use of molecular data and type specimen comparisons, we aim to bring a new level of utility to the taxonomic inventory and enable future researchers to have a solid understanding of the basis for application of each taxonomic name to the Hawaiian flora. In the face of numerous threats to biodiversity in the coming decades, it is hoped that critical inventories, such as these, will provide baseline data sets against which future changes may be compared.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, A.R.S. and M.D.G.; methodology, A.R.S.; validation, A.R.S. and M.D.G.; formal analysis, A.R.S.; resources, A.R.S. and M.D.G.; writing—original draft preparation, A.R.S.; writing—review and editing, A.R.S. and M.D.G.; funding acquisition, A.R.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

 Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

 Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

 Data Availability Statement

Not applicable.

 Acknowledgments

We much appreciate the comments of John Huisman and two additional anonymous reviewers.

 Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript; or in the decision to publish the results.

Footnotes

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Figures and Table
View Image - Figure 1. Map of the Hawaiian Archipelago (courtesy of NOAA-PMNM). The map includes the Main Hawaiian Islands (shown in green) as well as the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (with the extent of the Monument indicated with a white outline). Marine algal records from both regions are included in the inventory.Enlarge this image.

Figure 1. Map of the Hawaiian Archipelago (courtesy of NOAA-PMNM). The map includes the Main Hawaiian Islands (shown in green) as well as the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (with the extent of the Monument indicated with a white outline). Marine algal records from both regions are included in the inventory.

View Image - Figure 2. Select species of Hawaiian marine macroalgae, including some recently discovered and/or described taxa. (a). Avrainvillea erecta, a green alga recently reported as a new introduction to Hawaiian waters. (b). Chondria tumulosa, a recently described red alga that forms nuisance blooms in PMNM. (c). Ulva ohiohilulu, a mesophotic green alga described from Hawai‘i (d). Sonderophycus copusii, a peyssonnelioid red alga known only from mesophotic depths in PMNM. (e). Haraldiophyllum hawaiiense, a red alga described in 2020 from 81 to 93 m depth in PMNM (f). Martensia lauhiekoeloa, a red alga described in 2019 from 61 to 67 m depth in PMNM (g). Psaromenia laulamaula, a red alga from 83 to 94 m in PMNM (h). Codium fragile, a widespread green alga known also from Hawai‘i. Scale bar = 1 cm (all but (c)); 5 cm (c).Enlarge this image.

Figure 2. Select species of Hawaiian marine macroalgae, including some recently discovered and/or described taxa. (a). Avrainvillea erecta, a green alga recently reported as a new introduction to Hawaiian waters. (b). Chondria tumulosa, a recently described red alga that forms nuisance blooms in PMNM. (c). Ulva ohiohilulu, a mesophotic green alga described from Hawai‘i (d). Sonderophycus copusii, a peyssonnelioid red alga known only from mesophotic depths in PMNM. (e). Haraldiophyllum hawaiiense, a red alga described in 2020 from 81 to 93 m depth in PMNM (f). Martensia lauhiekoeloa, a red alga described in 2019 from 61 to 67 m depth in PMNM (g). Psaromenia laulamaula, a red alga from 83 to 94 m in PMNM (h). Codium fragile, a widespread green alga known also from Hawai‘i. Scale bar = 1 cm (all but (c)); 5 cm (c).

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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.

Abstract

Simple Summary

This inventory represents the first complete inventory of seaweeds (benthic brown, red, and green algae) and seagrasses from the Hawaiian Islands. We present taxonomic records compiled from the literature which include many recent descriptions of new species. Taxonomic records are accompanied by additional information allowing an assessment of the degree of molecular confirmation: whether the record has been verified by a match to DNA sequences from a type specimen, topotype sequences, or regional DNA sequences. In addition, taxa that have been identified solely based on morphology are indicated. In the face of numerous threats to biodiversity in the coming decades, it is hoped that this inventory will provide baseline data sets against which future changes may be compared.

Abstract

This updated list is composed of a total of 661 records, which includes 71 brown algae, 450 red algae, 137 green algae, and three seagrasses, with an overall rate of endemism of 13.2%. Almost half (46.7%) of the Hawaiian records presented here are represented by at least one DNA sequence, while 16.3% are confirmed through a DNA sequence match to a topotype, and 6.7% are confirmed through a DNA sequence match to a type specimen. The data are presented in the context of the natural history of the Hawaiian Islands, which is heavily influenced by the volcanic hotspot origin of the archipelago in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, as well as the important cultural role of seaweeds and other marine plants in Hawai‘i, and the current threats to marine ecosystems, which include the introduction and proliferation of a number of invasive marine macroalgae.

Details

Title
Inventory of the Seaweeds and Seagrasses of the Hawaiian Islands
Author
Sherwood, Alison R 1   VIAFID ORCID Logo  ; Guiry, Michael D 2 

1  School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA 
2  AlgaeBase, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland 
First page
215
Publication year
2023
Publication date
2023
Publisher
MDPI AG
e-ISSN
20797737
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12020215
ProQuest document ID
2779523277
Copyright
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.