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Abstract
The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) will be a transformative experiment for gravitational wave astronomy, and, as such, it will offer unique opportunities to address many key astrophysical questions in a completely novel way. The synergy with ground-based and space-born instruments in the electromagnetic domain, by enabling multi-messenger observations, will add further to the discovery potential of LISA. The next decade is crucial to prepare the astrophysical community for LISA’s first observations. This review outlines the extensive landscape of astrophysical theory, numerical simulations, and astronomical observations that are instrumental for modeling and interpreting the upcoming LISA datastream. To this aim, the current knowledge in three main source classes for LISA is reviewed; ultra-compact stellar-mass binaries, massive black hole binaries, and extreme or interme-diate mass ratio inspirals. The relevant astrophysical processes and the established modeling techniques are summarized. Likewise, open issues and gaps in our understanding of these sources are highlighted, along with an indication of how LISA could help making progress in the different areas. New research avenues that LISA itself, or its joint exploitation with upcoming studies in the electromagnetic domain, will enable, are also illustrated. Improvements in modeling and analysis approaches, such as the combination of numerical simulations and modern data science techniques, are discussed. This review is intended to be a starting point for using LISA as a new discovery tool for understanding our Universe.
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Details
Title
Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
Author
Amaro-Seoane, Pau 1 ; Andrews, Jeff 2 ; Arca Sedda, Manuel 3 ; Askar, Abbas 4 ; Baghi, Quentin 5 ; Balasov, Razvan 6 ; Bartos, Imre 7 ; Bavera, Simone S. 8 ; Bellovary, Jillian 9 ; Berry, Christopher P. L. 10 ; Berti, Emanuele 11 ; Bianchi, Stefano 12 ; Blecha, Laura 7 ; Blondin, Stéphane 13 ; Bogdanović, Tamara 14 ; Boissier, Samuel 13 ; Bonetti, Matteo 15 ; Bonoli, Silvia 16 ; Bortolas, Elisa 17 ; Breivik, Katelyn 18 ; Capelo, Pedro R. 19 ; Caramete, Laurentiu 20 ; Cattorini, Federico 21 ; Charisi, Maria 22 ; Chaty, Sylvain 23 ; Chen, Xian 24 ; Chruślińska, Martyna 25 ; Chua, Alvin J. K. 26 ; Church, Ross 27 ; Colpi, Monica 28 ; D’Orazio, Daniel 29 ; Danielski, Camilla 30 ; Davies, Melvyn B. 31 ; Dayal, Pratika 32 ; De Rosa, Alessandra 33 ; Derdzinski, Andrea 19 ; Destounis, Kyriakos 34 ; Dotti, Massimo 35 ; Duţan, Ioana 36 ; Dvorkin, Irina 37 ; Fabj, Gaia 38 ; Foglizzo, Thierry 39 ; Ford, Saavik 40 ; Fouvry, Jean-Baptiste 41 ; Franchini, Alessia 17 ; Fragos, Tassos 42 ; Fryer, Chris 43 ; Gaspari, Massimo 44 ; Gerosa, Davide 45 ; Graziani, Luca 46 ; Groot, Paul 47 ; Habouzit, Melanie 48 ; Haggard, Daryl 49 ; Haiman, Zoltan 50 ; Han, Wen-Biao 51 ; Istrate, Alina 25 ; Johansson, Peter H. 52 ; Khan, Fazeel Mahmood 53 ; Kimpson, Tomas 54 ; Kokkotas, Kostas 55 ; Kong, Albert 56 ; Korol, Valeriya 57 ; Kremer, Kyle 58 ; Kupfer, Thomas 59 ; Lamberts, Astrid 60 ; Larson, Shane 2 ; Lau, Mike 61 ; Liu, Dongliang 62 ; Lloyd-Ronning, Nicole 63 ; Lodato, Giuseppe 64 ; Lupi, Alessandro 17 ; Ma, Chung-Pei 65 ; Maccarone, Tomas 59 ; Mandel, Ilya 66 ; Mangiagli, Alberto 67 ; Mapelli, Michela 68 ; Mathis, Stéphane 69 ; Mayer, Lucio 19 ; McGee, Sean 70 ; McKernan, Berry 71 ; Miller, M. Coleman 72 ; Mota, David F. 73 ; Mumpower, Matthew 74 ; Nasim, Syeda S. 75 ; Nelemans, Gijs 76 ; Noble, Scott 77 ; Pacucci, Fabio 78 ; Panessa, Francesca 79 ; Paschalidis, Vasileios 80 ; Pfister, Hugo 81 ; Porquet, Delphine 13 ; Quenby, John 82 ; Ricarte, Angelo 83 ; Röpke, Friedrich K. 84 ; Regan, John 85 ; Rosswog, Stephan 86 ; Ruiter, Ashley 87 ; Ruiz, Milton 88 ; Runnoe, Jessie 22 ; Schneider, Raffaella 89 ; Schnittman, Jeremy 90 ; Secunda, Amy 91 ; Sesana, Alberto 17 ; Seto, Naoki 92 ; Shao, Lijing 93 ; Shapiro, Stuart 94 ; Sopuerta, Carlos 95 ; Stone, Nicholas C. 96 ; Suvorov, Arthur 34 ; Tamanini, Nicola 97 ; Tamfal, Tomas 19 ; Tauris, Thomas 98 ; Temmink, Karel 99 ; Tomsick, John 100 ; Toonen, Silvia 101 ; Torres-Orjuela, Alejandro 102 ; Toscani, Martina 103 ; Tsokaros, Antonios 94 ; Unal, Caner 104 ; Vázquez-Aceves, Verónica 105 ; Valiante, Rosa 106 ; van Putten, Maurice 107 ; van Roestel, Jan 108 ; Vignali, Christian 109 ; Volonteri, Marta 110 ; Wu, Kinwah 111 ; Younsi, Ziri 112 ; Yu, Shenghua 62 ; Zane, Silvia 113 ; Zwick, Lorenz 114 ; Antonini, Fabio 115 ; Baibhav, Vishal 116 ; Barausse, Enrico 117 ; Bonilla Rivera, Alexander 118 ; Branchesi, Marica 119 ; Branduardi-Raymont, Graziella 120 ; Burdge, Kevin 121 ; Chakraborty, Srija 122 ; Cuadra, Jorge 123 ; Dage, Kristen 124 ; Davis, Benjamin 125 ; de Mink, Selma E. 126 ; Decarli, Roberto 127 ; Doneva, Daniela 128 ; Escoffier, Stephanie 129 ; Gandhi, Poshak 130 ; Haardt, Francesco 131 ; Lousto, Carlos O. 132 ; Nissanke, Samaya 133 ; Nordhaus, Jason 134 ; O’Shaughnessy, Richard 134 ; Portegies Zwart, Simon 135 ; Pound, Adam 136 ; Schussler, Fabian 5 ; Sergijenko, Olga 137 ; Spallicci, Alessandro 138 ; Vernieri, Daniele 139 ; Vigna-Gómez, Alejandro 140
1 Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Institute of Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.157927.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1770 5832); Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.32566.34) (ISNI:0000 0000 8571 0482); Lanzhou University, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Research Center of Gravitation, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.32566.34) (ISNI:0000 0000 8571 0482); Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319); Institute for Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Universita’ Politecnica of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.157927.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1770 5832)
2 Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507); Northwestern University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507)
3 Astronomisches Rechen Institut (University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373)
4 Lund University, Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy, and Theoretical Physics, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
5 Université Paris-Saclay, IRFU, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535)
6 Institute of Space Science, Măgurele, Romania (GRID:grid.450283.8); University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Bucharest, Romania (GRID:grid.5100.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 497X)
7 University of Florida, Department of Physics, Gainesville, USA (GRID:grid.15276.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8091)
8 University of Geneva, Geneva Observatory, Versoix, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154); Université de Genève, Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154)
9 CUNY - Queensborough Community College, Queens, USA (GRID:grid.262276.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2230 6367); American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081); CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA (GRID:grid.253482.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0170 7903)
10 Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507); Northwestern University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507); University of Glasgow, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, Glasgow, UK (GRID:grid.8756.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 314X)
11 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311)
12 Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.8509.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 2106)
13 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817)
14 Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, 837 State St NW, Atlanta, USA (GRID:grid.213917.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 4943)
15 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754)
16 Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (GRID:grid.452382.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1768 3100); IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.424810.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0467 2314)
17 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143)
18 Carnegie Mellon University, Wean Hall, Department of Physics, Pittsburgh, USA (GRID:grid.147455.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 0344)
19 University of Zurich, Center for Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology, Institute for Computational Science, Zürich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0650)
20 Institute of Space Science, Magurele, Romania (GRID:grid.450283.8)
21 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143); Università degli studi dell’Insubria, DiSAT, Como, Italy (GRID:grid.18147.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 4807)
22 Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nashville, USA (GRID:grid.152326.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2264 7217)
23 Université de Paris, CNRS, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.508487.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 7885 7602)
24 Peking University, Astronomy Department, School of Physics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319)
25 Radboud University, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605)
26 California Institute of Technology, Theoretical Astrophysics Group, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890)
27 Lund Observatory, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
28 University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754)
29 Niels Bohr Institute, Niels Bohr International Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
30 Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.450285.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1793 7043)
31 Lund University, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
32 University of Groningen, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981)
33 INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy (GRID:grid.466835.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1776 2255)
34 University of Tübingen, Theoretical Astrophysics, IAAT, Tübingen, Germany (GRID:grid.10392.39) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1447)
35 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143); INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy (GRID:grid.450217.5)
36 Institute of Space Science, Măgurele, Romania (GRID:grid.450283.8)
37 Sorbonne Université & CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249)
38 Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373); American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081)
39 Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, AIM, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535)
40 American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081); Flatiron Institute, Center for Computational Astrophysics, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 7411 3681); City University of New York, Graduate Center, New York, USA (GRID:grid.212340.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 5718); City University of New York, Department of Science, BMCC, New York, USA (GRID:grid.212340.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 5718)
41 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS and Sorbonne Université, UMR 7095, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249)
42 Université de Genève, Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154); Université de Geneve, Département d’Astronomie, Versoix, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154)
43 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079)
44 INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.148313.c); Princeton University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006)
45 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143); University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486)
46 Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); INFN, Sezione di Roma I, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8); INAF/Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy (GRID:grid.426239.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9176 4495)
47 Radboud University, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605); University of Cape Town, Department of Astronomy, Rondebosch, South Africa (GRID:grid.7836.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1151); South African Astronomical Observatory, Observatory, South Africa (GRID:grid.507324.7); University of Cape Town, The Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, Rondebosch, South Africa (GRID:grid.7836.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1151)
48 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.429508.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0491 677X); Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373)
49 McGill University, McGill Space Institute and Department of Physics, Montréal, Canada (GRID:grid.14709.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8649)
50 Columbia University, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8729)
51 Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Shanghai, China (GRID:grid.450322.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1804 0174)
52 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
53 Institute of Space Technology, Department of Space Science, Islamabad, Pakistan (GRID:grid.444792.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0607 4078)
54 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Dorking, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
55 University of Tuebingen, Theoretical Astrophysics, Tübingen, Germany (GRID:grid.10392.39) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1447)
56 National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Astronomy, Hsinchu, Taiwan (GRID:grid.38348.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0532 0580)
57 University of Birmingham, Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486); Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching bei München, Germany (GRID:grid.452596.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 5134)
58 TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890); The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.432988.c)
59 Texas Tech University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lubbock, USA (GRID:grid.264784.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2186 7496)
60 Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Laboratoire Artémis, Nice Cedex 4, France (GRID:grid.460782.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6551)
61 Monash University, Monash Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.1002.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7857); OzGrav, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.499301.6)
62 Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Astronomical Observatories, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
63 The University of New Mexico, Los Alamos National Lab, Albuquerque, USA (GRID:grid.266832.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 8502)
64 Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.4708.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2822)
65 University of California at Berkeley, Department of Astronomy and Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878)
66 Monash University, Monash Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.1002.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7857); OzGrav, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.499301.6); University of Birmingham, Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486)
67 Université de Paris, CNRS, APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.508487.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 7885 7602)
68 University of Padova, Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN–Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.436939.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 0853)
69 Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Diderot, Université De Paris, Département d’Astrophysique-AIM, CEA/DRF/IRFU, CNRS/INSU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535)
70 University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486)
71 Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, USA (GRID:grid.253205.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 4272)
72 University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, College Park, USA (GRID:grid.164295.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0941 7177)
73 University of Oslo, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, Blindern, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.5510.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8921)
74 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079)
75 Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA (GRID:grid.260128.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9364 6281); American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081)
76 Radboud University, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605); SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.451248.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 2222); KU Leuven, Institute of Astronomy, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.5596.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7884)
77 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Gravitational Astrophysics Laboratory, Greenbelt, USA (GRID:grid.133275.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 6666)
78 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.455754.2); Harvard University, Black Hole Initiative, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 754X)
79 INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.466835.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1776 2255)
80 University of Arizona, Departments of Astronomy and Physics, Tucson, USA (GRID:grid.134563.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 186X)
81 The University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, Hong Kong, China (GRID:grid.194645.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 2757); University of Copenhagen, DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
82 Imperial College, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111)
83 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University, MS-51 Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.455754.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1781 4754)
84 Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373); Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.424699.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2275 2842)
85 Maynooth University, Department of Theoretical Physics, Maynooth, Ireland (GRID:grid.95004.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9331 9029)
86 Stockholm University, The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.10548.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9377)
87 University of New South Wales (Canberra), Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432)
88 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, Urbana, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
89 Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); Sapienza School for Advanced Studies, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica/Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.463298.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 8201); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.6045.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 5281)
90 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA (GRID:grid.133275.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 6666)
91 Princeton University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006)
92 Kyoto University, Department of Physics, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
93 Peking University, Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319)
94 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
95 Institut de Ciéncies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain (GRID:grid.450286.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1793 4897); Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici Nexus, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435450.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1784 9780)
96 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (GRID:grid.9619.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0538)
97 Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), Toulouse Cedex 9, France (GRID:grid.508721.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1689)
98 Aalborg University, Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg, Denmark (GRID:grid.5117.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0742 471X)
99 Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605)
100 University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.468726.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0486 2046)
101 University of Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
102 Sun Yat-Sen University (Zhuhai Campus), MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics & School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, CNSA Research Center for Gravitational Waves, Zhuhai, China (GRID:grid.12981.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2360 039X)
103 Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), Toulouse Cedex 9, France (GRID:grid.508721.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1689); Università Degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.4708.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2822)
104 CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 8, Czechia (GRID:grid.424881.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 148X)
105 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
106 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy (GRID:grid.463298.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 8201)
107 Sejong University, Physics and Astronomy, Seoul, South Korea (GRID:grid.263333.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0727 6358)
108 Caltech, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890)
109 Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.6292.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1758); INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna (OAS), Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.6292.f)
110 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France (GRID:grid.462844.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 1657)
111 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
112 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
113 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
114 University of Zürich, Centre for Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology, Zürich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0650)
115 Cardiff University, Gravity Exploration Institute, School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670)
116 Johns Hopkins University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311)
117 SISSA, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.5970.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 9868); INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, USA (GRID:grid.5970.b); IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.507762.1)
118 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Física, Juiz de Fora, Brazil (GRID:grid.411198.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2170 9332)
119 Gran Sasso Science Institute, viale Francesco Crispi, L’ Aquila (AQ), Italy (GRID:grid.466750.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 6005 2566)
120 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
121 California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000000107068890)
122 Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (GRID:grid.6093.c)
123 Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Viña del Mar, Chile (GRID:grid.440617.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 5606)
124 McGill University, Department of Physics, Montréal, Canada (GRID:grid.14709.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8649); McGill University, McGill Space Institute, Montréal, Canada (GRID:grid.14709.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8649)
125 New York University Abu Dhabi, Center for Astro, Particle, and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.440573.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 5934)
126 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany (GRID:grid.452596.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 5134)
127 INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.452596.9)
128 University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (GRID:grid.10392.39) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1447)
129 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817)
130 University of Southampton, School of Physics and Astronomy, Southampton, UK (GRID:grid.5491.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9297)
131 Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Como, Italy (GRID:grid.18147.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 4807)
132 CCRG, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, USA (GRID:grid.262613.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 3518)
133 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
134 Rochester Institute of Technology, Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation, Rochester, USA (GRID:grid.262613.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 3518)
135 Leiden Observatory, Leiden, the Netherlands (GRID:grid.262613.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1013 9063)
136 University of Southampton, School of Mathematical Sciences and STAG Research Centre, Southampton, UK (GRID:grid.5491.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9297)
137 Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.445701.3); Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.440361.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0489 067X)
138 Université d’Orléans - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France (GRID:grid.112485.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0217 6921)
139 Università di Napoli “Federico II” and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X)
140 University of Copenhagen, DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
1 Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, Institute of Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.157927.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1770 5832); Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.32566.34) (ISNI:0000 0000 8571 0482); Lanzhou University, Institute of Theoretical Physics and Research Center of Gravitation, Lanzhou, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.32566.34) (ISNI:0000 0000 8571 0482); Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319); Institute for Multidisciplinary Mathematics, Universita’ Politecnica of Valencia, Valencia, Spain (GRID:grid.157927.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1770 5832)
2 Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507); Northwestern University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507)
3 Astronomisches Rechen Institut (University of Heidelberg), Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373)
4 Lund University, Lund Observatory, Department of Astronomy, and Theoretical Physics, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
5 Université Paris-Saclay, IRFU, CEA, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535)
6 Institute of Space Science, Măgurele, Romania (GRID:grid.450283.8); University of Bucharest, Faculty of Physics, Bucharest, Romania (GRID:grid.5100.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2322 497X)
7 University of Florida, Department of Physics, Gainesville, USA (GRID:grid.15276.37) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8091)
8 University of Geneva, Geneva Observatory, Versoix, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154); Université de Genève, Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154)
9 CUNY - Queensborough Community College, Queens, USA (GRID:grid.262276.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2230 6367); American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081); CUNY Graduate Center, New York, USA (GRID:grid.253482.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0170 7903)
10 Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA), Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507); Northwestern University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Evanston, USA (GRID:grid.16753.36) (ISNI:0000 0001 2299 3507); University of Glasgow, SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, Glasgow, UK (GRID:grid.8756.c) (ISNI:0000 0001 2193 314X)
11 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311)
12 Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.8509.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 2106)
13 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CNES, LAM, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817)
14 Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Physics and Center for Relativistic Astrophysics, 837 State St NW, Atlanta, USA (GRID:grid.213917.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 4943)
15 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754)
16 Donostia International Physics Centre (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain (GRID:grid.452382.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1768 3100); IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain (GRID:grid.424810.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 0467 2314)
17 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143)
18 Carnegie Mellon University, Wean Hall, Department of Physics, Pittsburgh, USA (GRID:grid.147455.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 0344)
19 University of Zurich, Center for Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology, Institute for Computational Science, Zürich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0650)
20 Institute of Space Science, Magurele, Romania (GRID:grid.450283.8)
21 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143); Università degli studi dell’Insubria, DiSAT, Como, Italy (GRID:grid.18147.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 4807)
22 Vanderbilt University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nashville, USA (GRID:grid.152326.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 2264 7217)
23 Université de Paris, CNRS, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.508487.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 7885 7602)
24 Peking University, Astronomy Department, School of Physics, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319)
25 Radboud University, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605)
26 California Institute of Technology, Theoretical Astrophysics Group, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890)
27 Lund Observatory, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
28 University of Milano Bicocca, Department of Physics, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754)
29 Niels Bohr Institute, Niels Bohr International Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
30 Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC), Granada, Spain (GRID:grid.450285.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1793 7043)
31 Lund University, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Lund, Sweden (GRID:grid.4514.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0930 2361)
32 University of Groningen, Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.4830.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 0407 1981)
33 INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Roma, Italy (GRID:grid.466835.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1776 2255)
34 University of Tübingen, Theoretical Astrophysics, IAAT, Tübingen, Germany (GRID:grid.10392.39) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1447)
35 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143); INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Merate, Italy (GRID:grid.450217.5)
36 Institute of Space Science, Măgurele, Romania (GRID:grid.450283.8)
37 Sorbonne Université & CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249)
38 Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, Zentrum für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373); American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081)
39 Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Diderot, AIM, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535)
40 American Museum of Natural History, Department of Astrophysics, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081); Flatiron Institute, Center for Computational Astrophysics, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 7411 3681); City University of New York, Graduate Center, New York, USA (GRID:grid.212340.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 5718); City University of New York, Department of Science, BMCC, New York, USA (GRID:grid.212340.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2298 5718)
41 Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS and Sorbonne Université, UMR 7095, Paris, France (GRID:grid.435813.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 0540 8249)
42 Université de Genève, Gravitational Wave Science Center (GWSC), Geneva, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154); Université de Geneve, Département d’Astronomie, Versoix, Switzerland (GRID:grid.8591.5) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 2154)
43 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Center for Theoretical Astrophysics, Los Alamos, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079)
44 INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.148313.c); Princeton University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006)
45 Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica “G. Occhialini”, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.7563.7) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 1754); INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.470207.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 8390 4143); University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486)
46 Università di Roma, Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); INFN, Sezione di Roma I, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.470218.8); INAF/Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Florence, Italy (GRID:grid.426239.8) (ISNI:0000 0000 9176 4495)
47 Radboud University, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605); University of Cape Town, Department of Astronomy, Rondebosch, South Africa (GRID:grid.7836.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1151); South African Astronomical Observatory, Observatory, South Africa (GRID:grid.507324.7); University of Cape Town, The Inter-University Institute for Data Intensive Astronomy, Rondebosch, South Africa (GRID:grid.7836.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 1151)
48 Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.429508.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 0491 677X); Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373)
49 McGill University, McGill Space Institute and Department of Physics, Montréal, Canada (GRID:grid.14709.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8649)
50 Columbia University, New York, USA (GRID:grid.21729.3f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8729)
51 Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Shanghai, China (GRID:grid.450322.2) (ISNI:0000 0004 1804 0174)
52 University of Helsinki, Department of Physics, Helsinki, Finland (GRID:grid.7737.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0410 2071)
53 Institute of Space Technology, Department of Space Science, Islamabad, Pakistan (GRID:grid.444792.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0607 4078)
54 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Dorking, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
55 University of Tuebingen, Theoretical Astrophysics, Tübingen, Germany (GRID:grid.10392.39) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1447)
56 National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Astronomy, Hsinchu, Taiwan (GRID:grid.38348.34) (ISNI:0000 0004 0532 0580)
57 University of Birmingham, Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486); Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics, Garching bei München, Germany (GRID:grid.452596.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 5134)
58 TAPIR, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890); The Observatories of the Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.432988.c)
59 Texas Tech University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Lubbock, USA (GRID:grid.264784.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2186 7496)
60 Université Côte d’Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Laboratoire Artémis, Nice Cedex 4, France (GRID:grid.460782.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6551)
61 Monash University, Monash Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.1002.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7857); OzGrav, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.499301.6)
62 Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Astronomical Observatories, Beijing, People’s Republic of China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
63 The University of New Mexico, Los Alamos National Lab, Albuquerque, USA (GRID:grid.266832.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2188 8502)
64 Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.4708.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2822)
65 University of California at Berkeley, Department of Astronomy and Physics, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.47840.3f) (ISNI:0000 0001 2181 7878)
66 Monash University, Monash Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.1002.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7857); OzGrav, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery, Clayton, Australia (GRID:grid.499301.6); University of Birmingham, Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy, School of Physics and Astronomy, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486)
67 Université de Paris, CNRS, APC, AstroParticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France (GRID:grid.508487.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 7885 7602)
68 University of Padova, Physics and Astronomy Department Galileo Galilei, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.5608.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 3470); INFN–Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.470212.2); INAF–Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Padua, Italy (GRID:grid.436939.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2175 0853)
69 Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris-Diderot, Université De Paris, Département d’Astrophysique-AIM, CEA/DRF/IRFU, CNRS/INSU, Gif-sur-Yvette, France (GRID:grid.460789.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4910 6535)
70 University of Birmingham, School of Physics and Astronomy, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK (GRID:grid.6572.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 7486)
71 Borough of Manhattan Community College, The City University of New York, New York, USA (GRID:grid.253205.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0387 4272)
72 University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy, College Park, USA (GRID:grid.164295.d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0941 7177)
73 University of Oslo, Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, Blindern, Oslo, Norway (GRID:grid.5510.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8921)
74 Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, USA (GRID:grid.148313.c) (ISNI:0000 0004 0428 3079)
75 Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, USA (GRID:grid.260128.f) (ISNI:0000 0000 9364 6281); American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA (GRID:grid.241963.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2152 1081)
76 Radboud University, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605); SRON, Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Utrecht, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.451248.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 0646 2222); KU Leuven, Institute of Astronomy, Leuven, Belgium (GRID:grid.5596.f) (ISNI:0000 0001 0668 7884)
77 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Gravitational Astrophysics Laboratory, Greenbelt, USA (GRID:grid.133275.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 6666)
78 Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.455754.2); Harvard University, Black Hole Initiative, Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.38142.3c) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 754X)
79 INAF - Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.466835.a) (ISNI:0000 0004 1776 2255)
80 University of Arizona, Departments of Astronomy and Physics, Tucson, USA (GRID:grid.134563.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 186X)
81 The University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics, Hong Kong, China (GRID:grid.194645.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2174 2757); University of Copenhagen, DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
82 Imperial College, London, UK (GRID:grid.7445.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2113 8111)
83 Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Harvard University, MS-51 Cambridge, USA (GRID:grid.455754.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1781 4754)
84 Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.7700.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 4373); Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany (GRID:grid.424699.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2275 2842)
85 Maynooth University, Department of Theoretical Physics, Maynooth, Ireland (GRID:grid.95004.38) (ISNI:0000 0000 9331 9029)
86 Stockholm University, The Oskar Klein Centre, Department of Astronomy, Stockholm, Sweden (GRID:grid.10548.38) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9377)
87 University of New South Wales (Canberra), Sydney, Australia (GRID:grid.1005.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 4902 0432)
88 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Physics, Urbana, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
89 Universita di Roma La Sapienza, Dipartimento di Fisica, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); Sapienza School for Advanced Studies, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.7841.a); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica/Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.463298.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 8201); Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Rome, Italy (GRID:grid.6045.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 5281)
90 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA (GRID:grid.133275.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 0637 6666)
91 Princeton University, Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton, USA (GRID:grid.16750.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2097 5006)
92 Kyoto University, Department of Physics, Kyoto, Japan (GRID:grid.258799.8) (ISNI:0000 0004 0372 2033)
93 Peking University, Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.11135.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2256 9319)
94 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, USA (GRID:grid.35403.31) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9991)
95 Institut de Ciéncies de l’Espai (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain (GRID:grid.450286.d) (ISNI:0000 0004 1793 4897); Institut d’Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), Edifici Nexus, Barcelona, Spain (GRID:grid.435450.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1784 9780)
96 The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel (GRID:grid.9619.7) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0538)
97 Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), Toulouse Cedex 9, France (GRID:grid.508721.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1689)
98 Aalborg University, Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg, Denmark (GRID:grid.5117.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 0742 471X)
99 Radboud University Nijmegen, Department of Astrophysics/IMAPP, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.5590.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2293 1605)
100 University of California, Space Sciences Laboratory, Berkeley, USA (GRID:grid.468726.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 0486 2046)
101 University of Amsterdam, Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
102 Sun Yat-Sen University (Zhuhai Campus), MOE Key Laboratory of TianQin Mission, TianQin Research Center for Gravitational Physics & School of Physics and Astronomy, Frontiers Science Center for TianQin, CNSA Research Center for Gravitational Waves, Zhuhai, China (GRID:grid.12981.33) (ISNI:0000 0001 2360 039X)
103 Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Laboratoire des 2 Infinis - Toulouse (L2IT-IN2P3), Toulouse Cedex 9, France (GRID:grid.508721.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2353 1689); Università Degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milan, Italy (GRID:grid.4708.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 2822)
104 CEICO, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Praha 8, Czechia (GRID:grid.424881.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 0634 148X)
105 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Applied Mathematics, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Beijing, China (GRID:grid.9227.e) (ISNI:0000000119573309)
106 INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monte Porzio Catone, Italy (GRID:grid.463298.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2168 8201)
107 Sejong University, Physics and Astronomy, Seoul, South Korea (GRID:grid.263333.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 0727 6358)
108 Caltech, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000 0001 0706 8890)
109 Università degli Studi di Bologna, Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia “Augusto Righi”, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.6292.f) (ISNI:0000 0004 1757 1758); INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna (OAS), Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.6292.f)
110 Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR 7095, Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris, Paris, France (GRID:grid.462844.8) (ISNI:0000 0001 2308 1657)
111 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
112 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
113 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Holmbury St. Mary, Dorking, Surrey, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
114 University of Zürich, Centre for Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology, Zürich, Switzerland (GRID:grid.7400.3) (ISNI:0000 0004 1937 0650)
115 Cardiff University, Gravity Exploration Institute, School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff, UK (GRID:grid.5600.3) (ISNI:0000 0001 0807 5670)
116 Johns Hopkins University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Baltimore, USA (GRID:grid.21107.35) (ISNI:0000 0001 2171 9311)
117 SISSA, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.5970.b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1762 9868); INFN Sezione di Trieste, Trieste, USA (GRID:grid.5970.b); IFPU - Institute for Fundamental Physics of the Universe, Trieste, Italy (GRID:grid.507762.1)
118 Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Departamento de Física, Juiz de Fora, Brazil (GRID:grid.411198.4) (ISNI:0000 0001 2170 9332)
119 Gran Sasso Science Institute, viale Francesco Crispi, L’ Aquila (AQ), Italy (GRID:grid.466750.6) (ISNI:0000 0004 6005 2566)
120 University College London, Mullard Space Science Laboratory, London, UK (GRID:grid.83440.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1201)
121 California Institute of Technology, Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy, Pasadena, USA (GRID:grid.20861.3d) (ISNI:0000000107068890)
122 Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy (GRID:grid.6093.c)
123 Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Departamento de Ciencias, Facultad de Artes Liberales, Viña del Mar, Chile (GRID:grid.440617.0) (ISNI:0000 0001 2162 5606)
124 McGill University, Department of Physics, Montréal, Canada (GRID:grid.14709.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8649); McGill University, McGill Space Institute, Montréal, Canada (GRID:grid.14709.3b) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 8649)
125 New York University Abu Dhabi, Center for Astro, Particle, and Planetary Physics, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (GRID:grid.440573.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 1755 5934)
126 Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik, Garching, Germany (GRID:grid.452596.9) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 5134)
127 INAF – Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy (GRID:grid.452596.9)
128 University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (GRID:grid.10392.39) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 1447)
129 Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS/IN2P3, CPPM, Marseille, France (GRID:grid.5399.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 2176 4817)
130 University of Southampton, School of Physics and Astronomy, Southampton, UK (GRID:grid.5491.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9297)
131 Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Como, Italy (GRID:grid.18147.3b) (ISNI:0000 0001 2172 4807)
132 CCRG, Rochester Institute of Technology, New York, USA (GRID:grid.262613.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 3518)
133 University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (GRID:grid.7177.6) (ISNI:0000 0000 8499 2262)
134 Rochester Institute of Technology, Center for Computational Relativity and Gravitation, Rochester, USA (GRID:grid.262613.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 2323 3518)
135 Leiden Observatory, Leiden, the Netherlands (GRID:grid.262613.2) (ISNI:0000 0001 1013 9063)
136 University of Southampton, School of Mathematical Sciences and STAG Research Centre, Southampton, UK (GRID:grid.5491.9) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9297)
137 Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.445701.3); Main Astronomical Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine (GRID:grid.440361.4) (ISNI:0000 0004 0489 067X)
138 Université d’Orléans - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Orléans, France (GRID:grid.112485.b) (ISNI:0000 0001 0217 6921)
139 Università di Napoli “Federico II” and INFN, Sezione di Napoli, Compl. Univ. di Monte S. Angelo, Edificio G, Dipartimento di Fisica “E. Pancini”, Naples, Italy (GRID:grid.4691.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 0790 385X)
140 University of Copenhagen, DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark (GRID:grid.5254.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0674 042X)
Pages
2
Publication year
2023
Publication date
Dec 2023
ISSN
23673613
e-ISSN
14338351
Source type
Scholarly Journal
Language of publication
English
ProQuest document ID
2786734337
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2023. corrected publication 2023. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.