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Abstract
Findings of earlier investigations on association between dietary riboflavin intake and psychological disorders are contradictory. Therefore, the relation between dietary riboflavin intake and depression, anxiety, and psychological distress was assessed in Iranian adults. In this cross-sectional study, dietary intakes of 3362 middle-aged adults were collected using a validated dish-based food frequency questionnaire. Daily intake of riboflavin for each participant was calculated by summing up the amount of riboflavin contents of all foods and dishes. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), as validated questionnaires among Iranians, have been applied to assess depression, anxiety, and psychological distress. After considering potential confounders, adults in the top energy-adjusted quartile of riboflavin intake, compared to the bottom quartile, had decreased odds of depression (OR = 0.66; 95%CI 0.49, 0.88), anxiety (OR = 0.64; 95%CI 0.44, 0.94) and high psychological distress (OR = 0.65; 95%CI 0.48, 0.89). Stratified analysis by sex revealed that men in the forth quartile of riboflavin intake, compared with those in the first quartile, had respectively 51 and 55% lower odds of depression (OR = 0.49; 95%CI 0.29, 0.83) and anxiety (OR = 0.45; 95%CI 0.21, 0.95). In women, riboflavin intake was significantly associated with lower odds of psychological distress (OR = 0.67; 95%CI 0.46, 0.98). An inverse relation was observed between dietary riboflavin intake and chance of psychological disorders in Iranian adults. High intake of riboflavin decreased the chance of depression and anxiety in men and high psychological distress in women. More prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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1 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Students’ Research Committee, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X); Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
2 Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Department of Nutrition, Varastegan Institute for Medical Science, Mashhad, Iran (GRID:grid.411583.a) (ISNI:0000 0001 2198 6209); Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Nutritional Health Team (NHT), Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.510410.1) (ISNI:0000 0004 8010 4431)
3 University of Alberta, Department of Medicine, Edmonton, Canada (GRID:grid.17089.37) (ISNI:0000 0001 2190 316X); Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
4 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
5 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Psychosomatic Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)
6 Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Obesity and Eating Habits Research Center, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1); Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922); Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran, Iran (GRID:grid.411705.6) (ISNI:0000 0001 0166 0922)
7 Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan Gastroenterology and Hepatology Research Center, Isfahan, Iran (GRID:grid.411036.1) (ISNI:0000 0001 1498 685X)