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Abstract
This study aimed to identify the modifiable cardiovascular risk factors associated with longitudinal changes, which are nine functional and structural biological vascular aging indicators (BVAIs), to propose an effective method to prevent biological vascular aging. We conducted a longitudinal study of 697 adults (a maximum of 3636 BVAI measurements) who were, at baseline, aged between 26 and 85 years and whose BVAIs were measured at least twice between 2007 and 2018. The nine BVAIs were measured using vascular testing and an ultrasound device. Covariates were assessed using validated questionnaires and devices. During the mean follow-up period of 6.7 years, the average number of BVAI measurements ranged from 4.3 to 5.3. The longitudinal analysis showed a moderate positive correlation between the common carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and chronological age in both men (r = 0.53) and women (r = 0.54). In the multivariate analysis, BVAIs were associated with factors such as age, sex, residential area, smoking status, blood clinical chemistry test levels, number of comorbidities, physical fitness, body mass, physical activity, and dietary intake. The IMT is the most useful BVAI. Our findings suggest that modifiable cardiovascular risk factors are associated with longitudinal changes in BVAI as represented by IMT.
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1 Waseda University, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Tokorozawa-City, Japan (GRID:grid.5290.e) (ISNI:0000 0004 1936 9975); National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Department of Physical Activity Research, Shinjuku-Ku, Japan (GRID:grid.482562.f)
2 National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Department of Physical Activity Research, Shinjuku-Ku, Japan (GRID:grid.482562.f); Surugadai University, Faculty of Sport Science, Hanno-City, Japan (GRID:grid.443627.0) (ISNI:0000 0000 9221 2449)
3 National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Department of Physical Activity Research, Shinjuku-Ku, Japan (GRID:grid.482562.f); Ritsumeikan University, Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Kusatsu-City, Japan (GRID:grid.262576.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 8863 9909)
4 Kokushikan University, Faculty of Letters, Setagaya-Ku, Japan (GRID:grid.411113.7) (ISNI:0000 0000 9122 4296)
5 Teikyo Heisei University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nakano-Ku, Japan (GRID:grid.440938.2) (ISNI:0000 0000 9763 9732)
6 Okayama Southern Institute of Health, Okayama Health Foundation, Okayama-City, Japan (GRID:grid.440938.2)
7 Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, Kita-Gun, Japan (GRID:grid.258331.e) (ISNI:0000 0000 8662 309X)