Study design and rationale of "Synergistic Effect of Combination Therapy with Cilostazol and ProbUcol on Plaque Stabilization and Lesion REgression (SECURE)" study: a double-blind randomised controlled multicenter clinical trial

Abstract

Background

Probucol, a cholesterol-lowering agent that paradoxically also lowers high-density lipoprotein cholesterol has been shown to prevent progression of atherosclerosis. The antiplatelet agent cilostazol, which has diverse antiatherogenic properties, has also been shown to reduce restenosis in previous clinical trials. Recent experimental studies have suggested potential synergy between probucol and cilostazol in preventing atherosclerosis, possibly by suppressing inflammatory reactions and promoting cholesterol efflux.

Methods/design

The Synergistic Effect of combination therapy with Cilostazol and probUcol on plaque stabilization and lesion REgression (SECURE) study is designed as a double-blind, randomised, controlled, multicenter clinical trial to investigate the effect of cilostazol and probucol combination therapy on plaque volume and composition in comparison with cilostazol monotherapy using intravascular ultrasound and Virtual Histology. The primary end point is the change in the plaque volume of index intermediate lesions between baseline and 9-month follow-up. Secondary endpoints include change in plaque composition, neointimal growth after implantation of stents at percutaneous coronary intervention target lesions, and serum levels of lipid components and biomarkers related to atherosclerosis and inflammation. A total of 118 patients will be included in the study.

Discussion

The SECURE study will deliver important information on the effects of combination therapy on lipid composition and biomarkers related to atherosclerosis, thereby providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the prevention of atherosclerosis progression by cilostazol and probucol.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials (NCT): NCT01031667

Background

The benefit of reducing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the management of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been demonstrated in various large-scale randomized clinical trials [1]. These trials have shown that statin therapy, which is currently considered an essential element in CAD treatment regimens, does improve clinical outcomes, but is only able to prevent coronary events in less than 30% of patients. Therefore, a need remains for new and more effective cardiovascular drug therapies.

Probucol, a mild cholesterol-lowering agent with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, has been shown to reduce atherosclerosis and prevent restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [2]. However, probucol also causes a remarkable reduction in high density lipoprotein (HDL) and prolongation of QT intervals on electrocardiograms, side effects that have led to the withdrawal of probucol from the market in many countries. Although the mechanisms underlying the antiatherosclerotic effect of probucol remain unclear, previous speculation has centered on inhibition of oxidative modification of LDL cholesterol [3]. However, recent studies have suggested that enhanced reverse cholesterol transport caused by activation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and scavenger reverse cholesterol class B type 1 (SR-B1) is the major mechanism responsible for both the antiatherogenic effect and reduction of HDL levels by probucol [4–6]. The apparent lowering of HDL levels by probucol may be related to a change in the composition of HDL subtypes, including an increase in preβ1-HDL ("lipid-poor" apoA-1), that participate in the cholesterol efflux [7]. Therefore, the lowering of HDL by probucol is not a side effect, per se, but instead may reflect its main effect of increasing cholesterol efflux. Furthermore, probucol has been shown to inhibit mononuclear cell adhesion and reduce expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) [8]. Probucol also promotes nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation and re-endothelialization, and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation [9].

Cilostazol, an inhibitor of type 3 phosphodiesterase that exerts antiplatelet activity through suppression of cyclic adenosine monophosphate degradation [10], also exhibits diverse antiatherogenic properties. Studies have shown that cilostazol improves endothelial function by increasing nitric oxide production [11], promotes scavenging of free radicals [12], and inhibits foam cell formation [13] and smooth muscle cell proliferation [14]. In addition, cilostazol has been shown to decrease triglyceride concentrations and increase HDL cholesterol concentration, possibly by increasing the activity of lipoprotein lipase [15, 16].

A previous study by Sekiya et al. [17] reported that cilostazol and probucol combination therapy reduced restenosis after stent implantation more effectively than did either cilostazol or probucol alone. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated potential synergistic effects of cilostazol and probucol used in combination in the prevention of atherosclerosis [18, 19]. Yoshikawa et al. [18] found that combined administration of cilostazol and probucol induced a greater decrease in the atherosclerotic lesion area in LDL receptor-deficient mice than did administration of each drug separately. Park et al. [19] showed that cilostazol and probucol combination therapy inhibited the expression of VCAM-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) more effectively than did either cilostazol or probucol monotherapy.

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is a useful imaging modality for assessment of atherosclerotic plaque and vessel wall morphology. Especially, Virtual histology (VH) IVUS (Volcano Therapeutics, Inc., Rancho Cordova, California) using spectral analysis of the radiofrequency ultrasound back-scatter signals allows identification and relative quantification of four different components of atherosclerotic plaques: fibrous, fibro-fatty, dense calcium and necrotic core [20–25]. Therefore, the SECURE study is designed to investigate effects of cilostazol and probucol combination therapy on coronary plaque volume and composition using VH-IVUS in comparison with cilostazol monotherapy.

Methods/design

Study Design

This is a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multicenter clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of probucol and cilostazol combination therapy compared with cilostazol alone in the prevention of coronary plaque progression (Figure 1). A total of 118 patients (see Sample size calculation, below) will be enrolled at five PCI centers in Korea. After enrollment and baseline investigation with IVUS and VH to establish index non-PCI target intermediate lesions and stented PCI target lesions, patients will be evaluated in clinical follow-up visits at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months. In the final 9-month follow-up examination, patients will be evaluated by IVUS and VH to assess plaque volume and plaque composition in index non-PCI target intermediate lesions, and measure neointimal hyperplasia in index stented PCI target lesions. Lipid profiles, to include total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride, apolipoprotein A-1 and B, LDL particle size and HDL subfractions, and biomarkers associated with atherosclerosis, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), oxidized LDL, VCAM-1, von Willebrand factor (vWF) and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], will be measured at enrollment, and at 1- and 9-month follow-up examinations. The trial algorithm is shown in Figure 1. This is an investigator-initiated clinical trial with grant support from Korea Otska Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd (Seoul, Korea). Other than providing financial support, the company is not involved in developing study protocols or study processes, including site selection, management, and data collection and analysis. The study is performed according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and according to common guidelines for clinical trials (ICH-GCP). The authors are solely responsible for the design and editing of this paper and its final content. The trial protocol has been approved by the local institutional review boards of each patient-enrolling center, and has been registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01031667). Patient information, blood samples, and IVUS, VH and coronary angiogram images will be coded with the identification number of this study; investigators are blinded to patient identifying information, which has been replaced with a coded number.

Figure 1 [Images not available. See PDF.]

SECURE study algorithm. PCI, percutaneous coronary intervention; DM, diabetes mellitus; VH-IVUS, Virtual Histology intravascular ultrasound; MI, myocardial infarction; TVR, target vessel revascularization; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; VCAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1; Lp(a), lipoprotein (a); vWF, von Willebrand factor.

Study population and Randomisation

Patients more than 20 years of age who have had at least one significant coronary artery stenosis requiring PCI with stent implantation and one intermediate lesion on a native coronary artery with luminal narrowing of ≥ 30% and ≤ 70% by visual estimation, and who also meet all inclusion and exclusion criteria (Table 1) are eligible for this study. Those who agree to participate in the study and give written consent are randomised (1:1) to either cilostazol and probucol combination therapy or cilostazol monotherapy (control) using a web-based online randomization system. The randomization is stratified by enrolling site and the presence of diabetes in order to ensure an even distribution between the two groups of major factors that might contribute to the primary end point. After enrollment, all patients will receive a starting dose of 20 mg simvastatin. The dose of simvastatin will be adjusted to reach a target LDL level of < 100 mg/dL. Concomitant use of other drugs that interfere with serum lipid levels, such as niacin, CETP or lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) inhibitor, fenofibrate or omega-3, is not allowed.

Table 1. Patient Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion criteria
1. Male or female over 20 years of age
2. Clinical indication for coronary angiography
3. Presence of at least one significant coronary artery stenosis (>50%) requiring PCI with stent implantation and one intermediate lesion with luminal narrowing of ≥30% and <70% by visual estimation on native coronary arteries.
4. Presence of at least one PCI target lesion (reference diameter 2.5~4 mm, lesion length ≤26 mm) with >50% diameter stenosis that can be covered with a single Zotrolimus-eluting stent (Endeavor Sprint, Medtronic Vascular Inc, Santa Rosa, CA).
5. Able to understand and willing to provide written informed consent
Exclusion criteria
1. Intermediate lesions that might provide difficulty for IVUS evaluation because of following reasons: heavy calcification (>90° Arc), tortuous vessel with severe angulation, total occlusion, or bifurcation lesions
2. Previous PCI in the last 6 months
3. Previous coronary artery bypass graft
4. Patients with AMI undergoing primary PCI or rescue PCI after thrombolysis
5. Cardiogenic shock
6. Inability to take adequate antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel)
7. Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <70 × 109/l)
8. Known hypersensitivity or contraindication to any of the following medications: Heparin, aspirin, clopidogrel, cilostazol, probucol, statin, contrast media
9. History of severe ventricular arrhythmia
10. Significant QTc prolongation (≥470 ms) on electrocardiogram
11. Heart failure (New York Heart Association class III/IV) or left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%
12. Familial hypercholesterolemia
13. Uncontrolled hypertriglyceridemia (>400 mg/dL)
14. Chronic renal failure with serum creatinine level ≥2 mg/dL
15. Severe liver disease or transaminase level ≥3 times the upper limit of normal.
16. Pregnancy or women at age of childbearing potential

An additional file "Figure 1" contains figure 1.

Index intermediate lesion for evaluating plaque volume

An intermediate lesion is defined as a lesion with a luminal narrowing ≥ 30% and ≤ 70% (estimated visually) that does not require percutaneous coronary intervention. One such lesion located in the proximal or mid segment of coronary arteries is selected by the operator as the index intermediate lesion. Intermediate lesions that might prove difficult to evaluate by IVUS, such as bifurcating lesions, heavily calcified lesions (> 90° arc), and those in tortuous vessels with severe angulation are avoided in the selection of an index lesion.

Percutaneous coronary intervention

All patients should be on chronic aspirin (100-325 mg/day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) therapy for ≥ 5 days or receive aspirin (250 mg) and clopidogrel (300-600 mg) loading at least 12 hours before PCI. Unfractionated heparin will be administered according to local standards of care (target ACT 250 sec) at a dosage as per label instructions. The use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors will be left to the discretion of the operator. The criteria for an index PCI target lesion are a stenotic lesion with a stenosis diameter > 50% and lesion length ≤ 26 mm that can be covered by a single stent. All PCI target lesions, including additional lesions not established as index lesions, will be treated with Zotarolimus-eluting stents (Endeavor Sprint, Medtronic Vascular Inc, Santa Rosa, CA). After implantation of stents, aspirin (100 mg/day) and clopidogrel (75 mg/day) will be administered during the period of study.

Intravascular Ultrasound and Virtual Histology

All IVUS imaging will be performed using a 20-MHz 2.9F, phased-array IVUS catheter (Eagle Eye, Volcano Therapeutics, Rancho Cordova, CA) after first administering nitroglycerin (200 mg). The IVUS catheter is placed distal to the target lesion, and then pulled back using a motorized pullback system at 0.5 cm/s. During pullback, grayscale IVUS is recorded and raw radiofrequency data are captured at the top of the R wave for reconstruction of the color-coded map by a VH-IVUS data recorder (Volcano Therapeutics). For evaluation of the index intermediate lesion, a segment at least 30 mm in length will be evaluated with IVUS and VH at baseline and 9-month follow-up. The most severe 10-mm segment centered on the minimal lumen area will be analyzed for plaque volume and plaque composition (fibrotic, fibrofatty, dense calcium, and necrotic core components). The index PCI target lesion will be evaluated for neointimal growth with grayscale IVUS after PCI and at 9-month follow-up. IVUS evaluation will include 5-mm segments proximal and distal to the stent. IVUS and VH images will be analyzed by an independent core laboratory (Cardiac Core Analysis Laboratory at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA).

Laboratory assessment

Blood samples will be obtained after overnight fasting. Serum lipids, apolipoproteins, hs-CRP, Lp(a), oxidized LDL, VCAM-1, and vWF levels will be measured at a central clinical laboratory (Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul, Korea). Serum total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels will be measured using standard enzymatic methods. Apolipoprotein A-1 and B concentrations will be measured by turbidimetric immunoassay methods. Serum oxidized LDL, VCAM-1, and vWF levels will be measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Serum hsCRP and Lp(a) levels will be measured using latex-enhanced turbidimetric immunoassays. The particle-size distribution of LDL isolated by sequential flotation ultracentrifugation will be determined using a pore-gradient lipoprotein system (CBS Scientific, CA) at the National Research Laboratory for Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, as previously described [26]. Circulating HDL subfractions HDL2 and HDL3 will be quantified after ultracentrifugation of serum at the Laboratory of Nutritional Medicine/Nutrigenomics, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea, as previously reported [27].

Study end points

The primary end point is the change in the plaque volume of index intermediate lesions between baseline and 9-month follow-up.

The secondary end points include the following:

• Plaque composition change by VH

• Clinical outcomes (death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization)

• Neointimal volume obstruction at index PCI target lesions

• Blood lipid composition (total cholesterol, LDL, LDL particle size, HDL, HDL subfractions, apolipoprotein A-1 and B)

• Biomarkers (hsCRP, VCAM-1, oxidized LDL, Lp(a), vWF)

Statistical considerations

Sample size calculation

The calculation of the sample size was based on an in-equality design and a two-sample, two-sided test. Assuming a standard deviation of 8%, an α-level of 0.05 and a statistical power of 80%, 41 patients are required for each group (combination therapy, cilostazol monotherapy) to demonstrate a 5% difference in the mean plaque volume in a 10-mm segment with the greatest disease severity of the index intermediate lesion. Making allowance for a drop-out rate of 30% increases the number of patients required for each group to 59. The treatment difference and standard deviation assumptions are based on previous clinical and animal studies. Several IVUS studies have successfully demonstrated the effect of statins in reducing plaque volume. Yokoyama et al. [22] showed a 3.2% reduction in plaque volume in patients treated with atorvastatin (10 mg/day) for 6 months. The ASTEROID trial achieved about a 25% reduction in the normalized total atheroma volume using rosuvastatin (40 mg/day) for 24 months [28]. Recently, Tardif at al. [29] reported that a 12-month therapy with succinobucol, an analog of probucol, reduced the plaque volume of index lesions by 1.5%, whereas the control group showed no significant change in plaque volume. Notably, the results of an animal study evaluating the antiatherogenic effects of cilostazol and probucol showed that combination therapy was more effective in reducing the size of atherosclerotic lesions than was administration of either drug alone [18]. For this reason, we expect that cilostazol and probucol combination therapy will be more potent in reducing plaque volume than succinobucol, and hypothesize that the combination therapy could achieve a reduction in plaque volume 5% greater than that achieved by cilostazol monotherapy.

Statistical analysis

All statistical analyses will be carried out by an independent organization, ADM Korea Inc. All primary and secondary end points will be analyzed on a modified intention-to-treat basis (all randomized subjects who receive at least one dose of study drug and have IVUS and VH measurements at baseline and at the study end point). The primary efficacy analysis will be performed using an analysis of covariance model, adjusting for baseline values. If the data are not distributed normally, a nonparametric analysis of covariance analysis will be used. All continuous secondary efficacy variables will be analyzed using similar methods. The composite end point of cardiovascular events will be analyzed by comparing Kaplan-Meier event rates using a log-rank test. Independent predictors of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) were determined using a multiple logistic regression analysis.

Trial Organization

Principal Investigator Won-Heum Shim, Division of Cardiology, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea

Statistical analysis ADM, Korea Inc., Seoul, Korea

Core laboratory for IVUS and VH Peter J. Fitzerald and Yasuhiro Honda, Cardiac Core Analysis Laboratory at Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA

Core laboratory for biomarkers Seoul Clinical Laboratories, Seoul, Korea

Core laboratory for LDL subfractions Jong Ho Lee, National Research Laboratory for Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea

Core laboratory for LDL subfractions Myoungsook Lee, Laboratory of Nutritional Medicine/Nutrigenomics, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Korea

Data coordination and site management Novotech Korea, Seoul, Korea

Discussion

SECURE has been designed to test the hypothesis that combination therapy with cilostazol and probucol is more effective in reducing plaque volume than cilostazol monotherapy. The effectiveness of probucol against atherosclerosis has been demonstrated in previous clinical trials. In the Fukuoka Atherosclerosis Trial (FAST), the patient group treated with probucol (500 mg/day) showed significantly reduced intima media thickness in the common carotid artery compared to the control group [30]. In an IVUS substudy of the Canadian Antioxidant Restenosis Trial (CART-2), significant atherosclerosis regression was observed in patients treated with the probucol analog succinobucol, whereas no significant change in plaque volume occurred in the placebo group [29]. In the Probucol Observational Study Illuminating Therapeutic Impact on Vascular Events (POSITIVE), long-term probucol treatment effectively prevented secondary cardiovascular events in a higher-cardiovascular-risk heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia population without causing severe adverse effects [31]. Cilostazol has also demonstrated diverse antiatherogenic properties in previous studies [11–14]. Recent animal studies have suggested that probucol and cilostazol may synergize in the prevention of atherosclerosis by suppressing inflammatory reaction and promoting cholesterol efflux [18, 19].

In the SECURE study, in addition to changes in plaque volume, we will also evaluate the potential of combination therapy to stabilize coronary plaques by altering their composition. Virtual Histology, a software system that enables a spectral analysis of radiofrequency backscatter IVUS, was recently developed to analyze plaque composition, providing information on fibrous, fibrofatty, dense calcium, and necrotic core components [20]. VH findings have been validated using various human atherosclerotic plaque tissues [21]. Different statins and darapladip, a direct lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) inhibitor, have shown coronary plaque-stabilizing effects by reducing the necrotic core [22–25]. The SECURE study will also confirm whether the combination therapy is superior to cilostazol alone in decreasing neointimal hyperplasia after implantation of a drug-eluting stent. Previous studies have shown that both probucol and cilostazol are effective in preventing restenosis after PCI with or without stent implantation [2, 10, 32]. In addition, Sekiya et al. [17] demonstrated that cilostazol and probucol combination therapy reduced restenosis after stent implantation more effectively than either cilostazol or probucol alone.

Another focus of the SECURE study is on changes in lipid composition associated with probucol and cilostazol combination therapy. Generally, high LDL and low HDL cholesterol levels are regarded as major risk factors for coronary artery disease. However, within LDL and HDL cholesterols are subfractions with different particle sizes and different roles in the metabolism of lipids [33, 34]. Although still controversial, small, dense LDL is thought to be more atherogenic in conjunction with other features of metabolic syndrome, such low HDL and high triglyceride levels [33]. Generally, the larger triglyceride-rich HDL2 subfraction is thought to confer better protection against coronary artery disease than the small HDL3 fraction [34]. In a recent trial, the CETP inhibitor torcetrapib, which raised HDL-C levels by approximately 70%, showed a paradoxical increase in cardiovascular disease outcomes [35]. Thus, a simple elevation of HDL cholesterol levels does not necessarily translated into protection from atherosclerosis. Probucol is thought to reduce HDL cholesterol by enhancing reverse cholesterol transport through increased expression of the hepatic HDL-receptor SR-B1 and activation of CETP [4–6]. Hepatic over-expression of SR-B1 increases hepatic uptake of HDL cholesterol resulting in increased biliary excretion of cholesterol. Probucol is known to increase the levels and activity of CETP [4, 5]. Activation of CETP increases transfer of cholesterol esters from HDL to triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles in exchange for triglyceride, thereby reducing the circulating HDL cholesterol concentration. Whether CETP is anti- or proatherogenic is currently not fully understood. Potential antiatherogenic roles of CETP include HDL remodeling, with increased efflux of lipid-poor apolipoprotein A-I in exchange for cholesterol; and shuttling of cholesteryl esters to apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, namely LDL, intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), for excretion by the liver. In the SECURE study, we will investigate lipid parameters, such as LDL and HDL subfractions, and apolipoprotein A1 and B, as well as total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, and LDL. In addition, we will evaluate the effects of probucol and cilostazol combination therapy on the atherosclerosis biomarkers, oxidized LDL, VCAM-1, and vWF.

Possible major limitations of the SECURE study will be the relatively small number of study population and the short interval duration for follow-up IVUS study. However, several small clinical studies have shown significant plaque reduction with change of plaque composition despite relatively short period (6 or 12 months) of follow-up [22, 23, 25]. Thus, if probucol combined with cilostazol has strong antiatherosclerotic effects as shown in previous clinical and experimental studies, we think the SECURE study will be able to demonstrate them in terms of the primary or secondary endpoints.

In conclusion, the SECURE study will be the first double-blind, randomized, controlled multicenter clinical trial using VH-IVUS to investigate the effects of probucol and cilostazol combination therapy on the progression and composition of coronary artery plaques. Furthermore, the SECURE study will deliver important information on the effects of combination therapy on lipid composition and biomarkers related to atherosclerosis, thereby providing insight into the mechanisms underlying the prevention of atherosclerosis progression by cilostazol and probucol.

Trial registration number

National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier #NCT01031667).

Abbreviations

LDL

low-density lipoprotein

CAD

coronary artery disease

PCI

percutaneous coronary intervention

HDL

high density lipoprotein

CETP

cholesteryl ester transfer protein

SR-B1

scavenger reverse cholesterol class B type 1

VCAM

vascular cell adhesion molecule

MCP

monocyte chemoattractant protein

IVUS

intravascular ultrasound

VH

Virtual Histology

hsCRP

high-sensitivity C-reactive protein

vWF

von Willebrand factor

Lp(a)

lipoprotein (a)

Lp-PLA2

lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2

MACE

major adverse cardiac events

Competing interests

All authors declare that they have no competing interests and did not receive any honorarium from Korea Otska Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd or other partners. The investigator-initiated grant received by Korea Otska Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd guarantees independent conceivability of the study design, its coordination, realization and independent report of the study results.

Authors' contributions

YK and BK participated in the conception and design of the study and contributed equally to the preparation of this manuscript. BL, WK, SC, and SK will enroll patients and collect clinical and IVUS data. JL and ML will analyze HDL and LDL subtypes. P F and YH will analyze IVUS and VH images in a core lab. SW is the principal investigator and initiator of the study, obtained funding, designed the study and supervised and participated in writing the manuscript. All authors read, and approved the final manuscript.

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