Statistical analysis plan for the ‘Tranexamic acid for hyperacute primary IntraCerebral Haemorrhage’ (TICH-2) trial

Abstract

Rationale

Aside from blood pressure lowering, treatment options for intracerebral haemorrhage remain limited and a proportion of patients will undergo early haematoma expansion with resultant significant morbidity and mortality. Tranexamic acid (TXA), an anti-fibrinolytic drug, has been shown to significantly reduce mortality in patients, who are bleeding following trauma, when given rapidly. TICH-2 is testing whether TXA is effective at improving outcome in spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH).

Methods and design

TICH-2 is a pragmatic, phase III, prospective, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Two thousand adult (aged ≥ 18 years) patients with an acute SICH, within 8 h of stroke onset, will be randomised to receive TXA or the placebo control. The primary outcome is ordinal shift of modified Rankin Scale score at day 90. Analyses will be performed using intention-to-treat.

Results

This paper and its attached appendices describe the statistical analysis plan (SAP) for the trial and were developed and published prior to database lock and unblinding to treatment allocation. The SAP includes details of analyses to be undertaken and unpopulated tables which will be reported in the primary and key secondary publications. The database will be locked in early 2018, ready for publication of the results later in the same year.

Discussion

The SAP details the analyses that will be done to avoid bias arising from prior knowledge of the study findings. The trial will determine whether TXA can improve outcome after SICH, which currently has no definitive therapy.

Trial registration

ISRCTN registry, ID: ISRCTN93732214. Registered on 17 January 2013.

Background

Haemorrhagic stroke or intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), caused by bleeding in the brain, can be devastating and is a common cause of death and disability, both in the UK and worldwide. Despite development of effective treatments for ischaemic stroke (thrombolysis, aspirin, hemicraniectomy, thrombectomy) there is no proven effective treatment for ICH. Outcome after ICH is closely related to whether brain bleeding expands after onset, so-called haematoma expansion, or whether re-bleeding occurs; both are associated with a poor outcome (death and disability) [1]. Haematoma expansion is related to both haemostatic factors and blood pressure; furthermore, haematoma volume can be reduced surgically. For ICH, aside from intensive blood pressure lowering, treatment options remain limited and a proportion of patients will undergo early haematoma expansion with resultant significant morbidity and mortality. An ICH that occurs in the absence of a known underlying cause, e.g. aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation (AVM) or tumour, is referred to as a spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage (SICH).

Tranexamic acid (TXA) is a licensed anti-fibrinolytic drug that can be administered intravenously or orally and is used in a number of bleeding conditions to reduce bleeding [2, 3]. It has been tested in aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, where it reduced the risk of re-bleeding at the expense of increased risk of cerebral ischaemia [4]; however, administration was for a week, conferring prolonged exposure to risk of ischaemic events. In a recent mega-trial (CRASH-2) in 20,000 patients, with major bleeding following trauma, TXA significantly reduced mortality, odds ratio (OR) 0.91 (0.85, 0.97), with no increase in vascular occlusive events [5]. Treatment was most effective when given rapidly; delayed administration was associated with lack of efficacy and potential harm [6]. In another randomised controlled trial in traumatic ICH, TXA showed trends towards reduced death: OR 0.69 (0.35, 1.39), and death or dependency: OR 0.76 (0.46, 1.27), without increased thromboembolic events [7]. Additionally, TXA has been found to restrict haematoma expansion in acute SICH in a small non-randomised study, although this did not report on safety [8]. In another small study (n = 156), rapid administration of a bolus of TXA within 24 h of stroke was observed to reduce haematoma expansion (17.5% vs. 4.3%) [9]. In this study, TXA was given in combination with intensive blood pressure control, suggesting that it may be possible to combine haemostatic and haemodynamic approaches. There have been recent calls in the academic literature for large clinical trials to examine the use of TXA in ICH [10].

The on-going TICH-2 trial is a phase III, prospective, double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial, which will assess whether TXA (intravenous 1 g bolus, 1 g infusion/8 h) in acute (<8 h) SICH is safe and reduces death or dependency (measured as a shift in the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score). TICH-2 is pragmatic in design, with minimal inclusion and exclusion criteria. Further information regarding randomisation can be found in the protocol [11]. TICH-2 followed a two-phase design: the 12-month start-up phase (to assess feasibility) aimed to recruit a minimum of 300 participants from 30 centres, then the main phase is continuing to recruit to a target of 2000 participants from 120 centres over 43 months. The Independent Data Monitoring Committee (iDMC) assessed the trial every 6 months and recommended that the trial should continue on each occasion. Whilst recruitment in the UK was ahead of schedule, recruitment internationally was delayed by prolonged approval processes. Therefore, a 12-month, no-cost extension was sought and approved in April 2016 to allow additional time to enable the trial to reach 2000 participants. Recruitment rate subsequently increased, with recruitment likely to exceed the original 2000 participant target. The Trial Steering Committee recommended that recruitment continues until the end of the allotted funding in order to maximise recruitment, international participants, recruitment into the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sub-study and statistical power.

Methods and design

The statistical analysis plan (SAP), detailed in Additional file 1, will ensure that the analyses are not data driven or selectively reported. Presentation of primary analyses is expected in spring 2018, after all participants have been followed up to day 90. Additional file 1 will detail tables to be included in the primary publication, as well as brief descriptions of other planned publications.

The primary outcome, death or dependency (ordinal shift on mRS) at day 90, will be analysed by intention-to-treat using ordinal logistic regression (OLR), with adjustment for minimisation factors. Whilst there are limitations to using an ordinal analysis of the mRS score (for example, moving from a 6 to a 5 may not be perceived as clinically useful and distances between points are not always equivalent), this approach is widely accepted across stroke trials and recommended by the European Stroke Organisation (ESO) Outcomes Working Party [12]. A number of secondary and sub-group analyses will be undertaken; time to randomisation is likely to be the most important sub-group and so will be examined in more detail.

The results will determine whether TXA can improve outcome after SICH, which currently has no proven therapy. Three sub-studies are being run in conjunction with the trial; one for a telephone follow-up at day 365, one which takes two MRI scans at days 5 and 90 and the third one is a single-centre sub-study that explores plasma biomarkers at baseline, day 2, and day 7. A number of secondary publications are also planned, including; a paper giving further details on randomisation and baseline characteristics and a number of papers addressing secondary outcomes. An individual patient data meta-analysis is planned; using data from studies that looked at using TXA for ICH.

Data sharing

Once completed, data from TICH-2 will be added to summary and individual patient data meta-analyses in acute stroke. IPD will be made available to the ‘Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive’ (VISTA) [13], and subsequently over the web, as with the International Stroke Trial [14]. Similarly, anonymised baseline and on-treatment neuroimaging data will be published [15].

Supporting information

Additional supporting information may be found in the online version of this article. Additional file 1 shows the SAP (TICH-2).

Trial status

At the time of first submission the TICH-2 trial was ongoing with recruitment due to finish on 30 September 2017 and with follow-up of the primary outcome ongoing until 30 December 2017.

Acknowledgements

Not applicable

Funding

This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research, Health Technology Assessment (project number 11_129_109) Pragmatic Trials, UK and Swiss Heart foundation in Switzerland. The views and opinions expressed therein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Health Technology Assessment, NIHR, the NHS or the Department of Health.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable

Authors’ contributions

KF, PS, RD, ZL, and NS had an input in drafting and finalising the statistical analysis plan. All authors read and approved the manuscript for publication. NS was the chief investigator for this trial.

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The study received approval from the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) on 23 October 2012, the Research Ethics Committee (REC) on 23 November 2012, and the respective National Health Service Research and Development (R&D) department on 15 February 2013. Consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrolment into the trial. Ethics approval was obtained to allow full informed consent or verbal assent (using a Brief Information Sheet) followed by full written consent at a later date.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Abbreviations

BLR

Binary logistic regression

CPHR

Cox proportional hazards regression

CT

Computed tomography

EQ-5D HUS

EuroQol 5-dimensions Health Utility Status

EQ-VAS

EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale

GCS

Glasgow coma scale

HE

Haematoma expansion

HR

Hazard ratio

HV

Haematoma volume

ICH

Intracerebral haemorrhage

IHD

Ischaemic heart disease

IQR

Interquartile range

ITT

Intention-to-treat

IVH

Intraventricular haemorrhage

MD

Mean difference

MLR

Multiple linear regression

mRS

modified Rankin Scale

NIHSS

National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale

OCSP

Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification

OLR

Ordinal logistic regression

OR

Odds ratio

SAE

Serious adverse event

SAP

Statistical analysis plan

SBP

Systolic blood pressure

SD

Standard deviation

SICH

Spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage

TIA

Transient ischaemic attack

TICS-M

Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-M

ZDS

Zung Depression Scale

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